Postfix
Architecture Overview Postfix
Architecture Overview This document presents an overview of the Postfix architecture, and provides pointers to descriptions of every Postfix command or server program. The text gives the general context in which each command or server program is used, and provides pointers to documents with specific usage examples and background information.
Topics covered by this document:
When a message enters the Postfix mail system, the first stop on the inside is the incoming queue. The figure below shows the main processes that are involved with new mail. Names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
trivial-
rewrite(8)Network -> smtpd(8)
^
||
v\ Network -> qmqpd(8) -> cleanup(8) -> incoming / pickup(8) <- maildrop ^
|Local -> sendmail(1) -> postdrop(1)
Network mail enters Postfix via the smtpd(8) or qmqpd(8) servers. These servers remove the SMTP or QMQP protocol encapsulation, enforce some sanity checks to protect Postfix, and give the sender, recipients and message content to the cleanup(8) server. The smtpd(8) server can be configured to block unwanted mail, as described in the SMTPD_ACCESS_README document.
Local submissions are received with the Postfix sendmail(1) compatibility command, and are queued in the maildrop queue by the privileged postdrop(1) command. This arrangement even works while the Postfix mail system is not running. The local pickup(8) server picks up local submissions, enforces some sanity checks to protect Postfix, and gives the sender, recipients and message content to the cleanup(8) server.
Mail from internal sources is given directly to the cleanup(8) server. These sources are not shown in the figure, and include: mail that is forwarded by the local(8) delivery agent (see next section), messages that are returned to the sender by the bounce(8) server (see second-next section), and postmaster notifications about problems with Postfix.
The cleanup(8) server implements the final processing stage before mail is queued. It adds missing From: and other message headers, and transforms addresses as described in the ADDRESS_REWRITING_README document. Optionally, the cleanup(8) server can be configured to do light-weight content inspection with regular expressions as described in the BUILTIN_FILTER_README document. The cleanup(8) server places the result as a single file into the incoming queue, and notifies the queue manager (see next section) of the arrival of new mail.
The trivial-rewrite(8) server rewrites addresses to the standard "user@@fully.qualified.domain" form, as described in the ADDRESS_REWRITING_README document. Postfix currently does not implement a rewriting language, but a lot can be done via table lookups and, if need be, regular expressions.
Once a message has reached the incoming queue the next step is to deliver it. The figure shows the main components of the Postfix mail delivery apparatus. Names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
trivial-
rewrite(8)smtp(8) -> Network /
^
||
v- lmtp(8) -> Network / incoming -> active -> qmgr(8) --- local(8) -> File, command
^
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v\ - virtual(8) -> File deferred \ pipe(8) -> Command
The queue manager (the qmgr(8) server process in the figure) is the heart of Postfix mail delivery. It contacts the smtp(8), lmtp(8), local(8), virtual(8), pipe(8), discard(8) or error(8) delivery agents, and sends a delivery request for one or more recipient addresses. The discard(8) and error(8) delivery agents are special: they discard or bounce all mail, and are not shown in the figure above.
The queue manager maintains a small active queue with the messages that it has opened for delivery. The active queue acts as a limited window on potentially large incoming or deferred queues. The limited active queue prevents the queue manager from running out of memory under heavy load.
The queue manager maintains a separate deferred queue for mail that cannot be delivered, so that a large mail backlog will not slow down normal queue accesses. The queue manager's strategy for delayed mail delivery attempts is described in the QSHAPE_README and TUNING_README documents.
The trivial-rewrite(8) server resolves each recipient address according to its local or remote address class, as defined in the ADDRESS_CLASS_README document. Additional routing information can be specified with the optional transport(5) table. The trivial-rewrite(8) server optionally queries the relocated(5) table for recipients whose address has changed; mail for such recipients is returned to the sender with an explanation.
The smtp(8) client looks up a list of mail exchangers for the destination host, sorts the list by preference, and tries each server in turn until it finds a server that responds. It then encapsulates the sender, recipient and message content as required by the SMTP protocol; this includes conversion of 8-bit MIME to 7-bit encoding.
The lmtp(8) client speaks a protocol similar to SMTP that is optimized for delivery to mailbox servers such as Cyrus. The advantage of this setup is that one Postfix machine can feed multiple mailbox servers over LMTP. The opposite is true as well: one mailbox server can be fed over LMTP by multiple Postfix machines.
The local(8) delivery agent understands UNIX-style mailboxes, qmail-compatible maildir files, Sendmail-style system-wide aliases(5) databases, and Sendmail-style per-user .forward files. Multiple local delivery agents can be run in parallel, but parallel delivery to the same user is usually limited.
The local(8) delivery agent has hooks for alternative forms of local delivery: you can configure it to deliver to mailbox files in user home directories, you can configure it to delegate mailbox delivery to an external command such as procmail, or you can delegate delivery to a different Postfix delivery agent.
The virtual(8) delivery agent is a bare-bones delivery agent that delivers to UNIX-style mailbox or qmail-style maildir files only. This delivery agent can deliver mail for multiple domains, which makes it especially suitable for hosting lots of small domains on a single machine. This is described in the VIRTUAL_README document.
The pipe(8) mailer is the outbound interface to other mail processing systems (the Postfix sendmail(1) command being the inbound interface). The interface is UNIX compatible: it provides information on the command line and on the standard input stream, and expects a process exit status code as defined in <sysexits.h>. Examples of delivery via the pipe(8) mailer are in the MAILDROP_README and UUCP_README documents.
The previous sections gave an overview of how Postfix server processes send and receive mail. These server processes rely on other server processes that do things behind the scenes. The text below attempts to visualize each service in its own context. As before, names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
The resident master(8) server is the supervisor that keeps an eye on the well-being of the Postfix mail system. It is typically started at system boot time with the "postfix start" command, and keeps running until the system goes down. The master(8) server is responsible for starting Postfix server processes to receive and deliver mail, and for restarting servers that terminate prematurely because of some problem. The master(8) server is also responsible for enforcing the server process count limits as specified in the master.cf configuration file. The picture below gives the program hierarchy when Postfix is started up. Only some of the mail handling daemon processes are shown.
| postfix(1) | |||||||||||
| | | | |||||||||||
| postfix-script(1) | |||||||||||
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| | |
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| postsuper(1) | master(8) | postlog(1) | |||||||||
|
| | |
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| smtpd(8) | qmgr(8) | local(8) | |||||||||
The anvil(8) server implements client connection and request rate limiting for all smtpd(8) servers. The TUNING_README document provides guidance for dealing with mis-behaving SMTP clients. The anvil(8) service is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later.
| Network | -> | smtpd(8) | <-> | anvil(8) |
The bounce(8), defer(8) and trace(8) services each maintain their own queue directory trees with per-message logfiles. Postfix uses this information when sending "failed", "delayed" or "success" delivery status notifications to the sender.
The trace(8) service also implements support for the Postfix "sendmail -bv" and "sendmail -v" commands which produce reports about how Postfix delivers mail, and is available with Postfix version 2.1 and later. See DEBUG_README for examples.
| cleanup(8) | -> | qmgr(8) Postfix queue | -> | Delivery agents |
| ^ | | | v |
| v | ||
| (Non-) delivery notice | <- | bounce(8) defer(8) trace(8) | <- | Queue
id, recipient, status |
| ||||
|
Per- message logfiles | ||||
The flush(8) servers maintain per-destination logs and implement both ETRN and "sendmail -qRdestination", as described in the ETRN_README document. This moves selected queue files from the deferred queue back to the incoming queue and requests their delivery. The flush(8) service is available with Postfix version 1.0 and later.
|
incoming ^ deferred | ||||||||
| ^ | | ||||||||
| smtpd(8) sendmail(1) postqueue(1) | - |
Destination to flush | -> | flush(8) | <- | Deferred destination, queue id | - |
Delivery agents, qmgr(8) |
| ||||||||
| Per-dest- ination logs | ||||||||
The proxymap(8) servers provide read-only and read-write table lookup service to Postfix processes. This overcomes chroot restrictions, reduces the number of open lookup tables by sharing one open table among multiple processes, and implements single-updater tables.
The scache(8) server maintains the connection cache for the Postfix smtp(8) client. When connection caching is enabled for selected destinations, the smtp(8) client does not disconnect immediately after a mail transaction, but gives the connection to the connection cache server which keeps the connection open for a limited amount of time. The smtp(8) client continues with some other mail delivery request. Meanwhile, any smtp(8) process can ask the scache(8) server for that cached connection and reuse it for mail delivery. As a safety measure, Postfix limits the number of times that a connection may be reused.
When delivering mail to a destination with multiple mail servers, connection caching can help to skip over a non-responding server, and thus dramatically speed up delivery. SMTP connection caching is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later. More information about this feature is in the CONNECTION_CACHE_README document.
| /-- | smtp(8) | --> Internet | ||||
| qmgr(8) | | | | | v | |||||
| \-- | smtp(8) | --> Internet | ||||
| ^ | |
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| scache(8) | ||||||
The showq(8) servers list the Postfix queue status. This is the queue listing service that does the work for the mailq(1) and postqueue(1) commands.
| Output | <- | mailq(1) post- queue(1) | <- | showq(8) | <- | Postfix queue |
The spawn(8) servers run non-Postfix commands on request, with the client connected via socket or FIFO to the command's standard input, output and error streams. You can find examples of its use in the SMTPD_POLICY_README document.
The tlsmgr(8) server runs when TLS (Transport Layer Security, formerly known as SSL) is turned on in the Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server. This process has two duties:
Maintain the pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that is used to seed the TLS engines in Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server processes. The state of this PRNG is periodically saved to a file, and is read when tlsmgr(8) starts up.
Maintain the optional Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server caches with TLS session keys. Saved keys can improve performance by reducing the amount of computation at the start of a TLS session.
TLS support is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later. Information about the Postfix TLS implementation is in the TLS_README document.
| Network-> | smtpd(8) |
<---seed--- <-session-> | tlsmgr(8) |
---seed---> <-session-> | smtp(8) | ->Network | ||||||||||
| | | |
| ||||||||||||||
|
smtpd session cache | PRNG state file | smtp session cache |
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The verify(8) server verifies that a sender or recipient address is deliverable before the smtpd(8) server accepts it. The verify(8) server injects probe messages into the Postfix queue and processes status updates from delivery agents and/or queue manager. This process is described in the ADDRESS_VERIFICATION_README document. The verify(8) service is available with Postfix version 2.1 and later.
| Network | -> | smtpd(8) | <-> | verify(8) | -> | cleanup(8) | -> |
qmgr(8) Postfix queue | -> | Delivery agents |
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| <- | <- |
| v |
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The Postfix architecture overview ends with a summary of command-line utilities for day-to-day use of the Postfix mail system. Besides the Sendmail-compatible sendmail(1), mailq(1), and newaliases(1) commands, the Postfix system comes with it own collection of command-line utilities. For consistency, these are all named postsomething.
The postfix(1) command controls the operation of the mail system. It is the interface for starting, stopping, and restarting the mail system, as well as for some other administrative operations. This command is reserved to the super-user.
The postalias(1) command maintains Postfix aliases(5) type databases. This is the program that does the work for the newaliases(1) command.
The postcat(1) command displays the contents of Postfix queue files. This is a limited, preliminary utility. This program is likely to be superseded by something more powerful that can also edit Postfix queue files.
The postconf(1) command displays or updates Postfix main.cf parameters and displays system dependent information about the supported file locking methods, and the supported types of lookup tables.
The postdrop(1) command is the mail posting utility that is run by the Postfix sendmail(1) command in order to deposit mail into the maildrop queue directory.
The postkick(1) command makes some Postfix internal communication channels available for use in, for example, shell scripts.
The postlock(1) command provides Postfix-compatible mailbox locking for use in, for example, shell scripts.
The postlog(1) command provides Postfix-compatible logging for shell scripts.
The postmap(1) command maintains Postfix lookup tables such as canonical(5), virtual(5) and others. It is a cousin of the UNIX makemap command.
The postmulti(1) command repeats the "postfix start" etc. command for each Postfix instance, and supports creation, deletion etc. of Postfix instances. For a tutorial, see MULTI_INSTANCE_README.
The postqueue(1) command is the privileged command that is run by Postfix sendmail(1) and mailq(1) in order to flush or list the mail queue.
The postsuper(1) command maintains the Postfix queue. It removes old temporary files, and moves queue files into the right directory after a change in the hashing depth of queue directories. This command is run at mail system startup time and when Postfix is restarted.
The postscreen(8) server can be put "in front" of Postfix smtpd(8) processes. Its purpose is to accept connections from the network and to decide what SMTP clients are allowed to talk to Postfix. According to the 2008 MessageLabs annual report, 81% of all email was spam, and 90% of that was sent by botnets. While postscreen(8) keeps the zombies away, more smtpd(8) processes remain available for legitimate clients.
The postscreen(8) server is still evolving, and is likely to undergo changes that break compatibility with earlier versions. For this reason the postscreen(8) server is not installed with the stable Postfix release.
| zombie | ||||||
| \ | ||||||
| zombie | - | - | smtpd(8) | |||
| \ | / | |||||
| other | --- | postscreen(8) | ||||
| / | \ | |||||
| other | - | - | smtpd(8) a678 5 | |||
| / | ||||||
| zombie | ||||||
| Internet | d567 2 a568 1| | | | v |
d571 6
a576 38
|||||
| \-- | smtp(8) | |||||
| ^ | | ||||||
| scache(8) | ||||||
A Postfix smtp(8) client can reuse a TLS-encrypted connection (with "smtp_tls_connection_reuse = yes"). This can greatly reduce the overhead of connection setup and improves message delivery rates. After a Postfix smtp(8) client connects to a remote SMTP server and sends plaintext EHLO and STARTTLS commands, the smtp(8) client inserts a tlsproxy(8) process into the connection as shown below.
After the mail transaction completes, the Postfix smtp(8) client gives the smtp(8)-to-tlsproxy(8) connection to the scache(8) server, which keeps the connection open for a limited amount of time. The smtp(8) client continues with some other mail delivery request. Meanwhile, any Postfix smtp(8) client can ask the scache(8) server for that cached connection and reuse it for mail delivery.
| /-- | smtp(8) | --> | tlsproxy(8) | --> | Internet | ||||||||||||||
| qmgr(8) | | | | | v |
||||||||||||||||||
| \-- | smtp(8) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ^ | | |||||||||||||||||||
| postscreen(8) maintains a temporary allowlist for clients that pass its tests; by allowing allowlisted clients to skip tests, d747 1 a747 1 DNS allow/denylist lookups to dnsblog(8) server processes, and d749 2 a750 1 This delegation is invisible to the remote SMTP client. d754 1 a754 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| zombie | |||||||||||||||||||
| \ | |||||||||||||||||||
| zombie | - | tlsproxy(8) | - | d762 1 a762 1 | |||||||||||||||
| \ | d765 1 a765 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| other |
d769 1
a769 1
| | / | |
d772 1
a772 1
| other |
d777 1
a777 1
| | / | | zombie | | ||||||||
The postlogd(8) server provides an alternative to syslog logging, which remains the default. This feature is available with Postfix version 3.4 or later, and supports the following modes:
Logging to file, which addresses a usability problem with MacOS, and eliminates information loss caused by systemd rate limits.
|
commands or daemons | ||||||
| -> | postlogd(8) | -> | /path/to/file | |||
|
commands or daemons | stdout inherited from "postfix start-fg" | ||||
| -> | postlogd(8) | -> | |||
See MAILLOG_README for details and limitations.
@ 1.1.1.5 log @Import Postfix-3.7.3 (previous version was 3.5.2) This is the Postfix 3.7 (stable) release. The stable Postfix release is called postfix-3.7.x where 3=major release number, 7=minor release number, x=patchlevel. The stable release never changes except for patches that address bugs or emergencies. Patches change the patchlevel and the release date. New features are developed in snapshot releases. These are called postfix-3.8-yyyymmdd where yyyymmdd is the release date (yyyy=year, mm=month, dd=day). Patches are never issued for snapshot releases; instead, a new snapshot is released. The mail_release_date configuration parameter (format: yyyymmdd) specifies the release date of a stable release or snapshot release. If you upgrade from Postfix 3.5 or earlier, read RELEASE_NOTES-3.6 before proceeding. License change --------------- This software is distributed with a dual license: in addition to the historical IBM Public License 1.0, it is now also distributed with the more recent Eclipse Public License 2.0. Recipients can choose to take the software under the license of their choice. Those who are more comfortable with the IPL can continue with that license. Bugfix for messages not delivered after "warning: Unexpected record type 'X' ============================================================================ Due to a bug introduced in Postfix 3.7.0, a message could falsely be flagged as corrupt with "warning: Unexpected record type 'X'". Such messages were moved to the "corrupt" queue directory, where they may still be found. See below for instructions to deal with these falsely flagged messages. This could happen for messages with 5000 or more recipients, or with fewer recipients on a busy mail server. The problem was first reported by Frank Brendel, reproduced by John Alex. A file in the "corrupt" queue directory may be inspected with the command "postcat /var/spool/postfix/corrupt/A Postfix smtp(8) client can reuse a TLS-encrypted connection (with "smtp_tls_connection_reuse = yes"). This can greatly reduce the overhead of connection setup and improves message delivery rates. After a Postfix smtp(8) client connects to a remote SMTP server and sends plaintext EHLO and STARTTLS commands, the smtp(8) client inserts a tlsproxy(8) process into the connection as shown below.
After the mail transaction completes, the Postfix smtp(8) client gives the smtp(8)-to-tlsproxy(8) connection to the scache(8) server, which keeps the connection open for a limited amount of time. The smtp(8) client continues with some other mail delivery request. Meanwhile, any Postfix smtp(8) client can ask the scache(8) server for that cached connection and reuse it for mail delivery.
| /-- | smtp(8) | --> | tlsproxy(8) | --> | Internet | ||||||||||||||
| qmgr(8) | | | | | v |
||||||||||||||||||
| \-- | smtp(8) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ^ | | |||||||||||||||||||
| postscreen(8) maintains a temporary allowlist for clients that pass its tests; by allowing allowlisted clients to skip tests, d747 1 a747 1 DNS allow/denylist lookups to dnsblog(8) server processes, and d749 2 a750 1 This delegation is invisible to the remote SMTP client. d754 1 a754 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| zombie | |||||||||||||||||||
| \ | |||||||||||||||||||
| zombie | - | tlsproxy(8) | - | d762 1 a762 1 | |||||||||||||||
| \ | d765 1 a765 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| other |
d769 1
a769 1
| | / | |
d772 1
a772 1
| other |
d777 1
a777 1
| | / | | zombie | | ||||||||
The postlogd(8) server provides an alternative to syslog logging, which remains the default. This feature is available with Postfix version 3.4 or later, and supports the following modes:
Logging to file, which addresses a usability problem with MacOS, and eliminates information loss caused by systemd rate limits.
|
commands or daemons | |||||||||||||||||
| -> | postlogd(8) | -> | /path/to/file | ||||||||||||||
|
commands or daemons | stdout inherited from "postfix start-fg" | ||||
| -> | postlogd(8) | -> | |||
See MAILLOG_README for details and limitations.
@ 1.1.1.5.2.1 log @Pullup the following, requested by kim in ticket #518: external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postfix-doc.css up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/check-double-history up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/check-spell-history up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/check-table-proto up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/stop.double-history up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/stop.spell-history up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/test71.ref up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_db.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_addr_sizes.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_addr_sizes.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_prefix_top.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_prefix_top.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_cdb.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_dbm.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_fail.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_lmdb.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_open.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_sdbm.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/RELEASE_NOTES-3.7 up to 1.1.1.1 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap.h delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_cdb.c delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_db.c delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_dbm.c delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_fail.c delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_lmdb.c delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_open.c delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_sdbm.c delete external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/HISTORY up to 1.1.1.29 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/INSTALL up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/RELEASE_NOTES up to 1.1.1.17 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/WISHLIST up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/makedefs up to 1.16 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/postfix-env.sh up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/ADDRESS_CLASS_README up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/DEBUG_README up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/FORWARD_SECRECY_README up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/INSTALL up to 1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/IPV6_README up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/MAILLOG_README up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/MILTER_README up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/MYSQL_README up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/PGSQL_README up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/QSHAPE_README up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/RELEASE_NOTES up to 1.1.1.17 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/SASL_README up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/SMTPD_POLICY_README up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/SMTPD_PROXY_README up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/SQLITE_README up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/TLS_README up to 1.14 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/aliases up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/main.cf up to 1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/master.cf up to 1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/postfix-files up to 1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/postfix-script up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/postfix-tls-script up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/virtual up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/ADDRESS_CLASS_README.html up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/ADDRESS_REWRITING_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/ADDRESS_VERIFICATION_README.html up to 1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/BACKSCATTER_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/BDAT_README.html up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/BUILTIN_FILTER_README.html up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/CDB_README.html up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/COMPATIBILITY_README.html up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/CONNECTION_CACHE_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 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external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/STRESS_README.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/TLS_LEGACY_README.html up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/TLS_README.html up to 1.14 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/TUNING_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/UUCP_README.html up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/VERP_README.html up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/VIRTUAL_README.html up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/XCLIENT_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/XFORWARD_README.html up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/aliases up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/cidr_table up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/ldap_table up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/mysql_table up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/pcre_table up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/pgsql_table up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/postconf.html.prolog up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/postconf.proto up to 1.19 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/regexp_table up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/stop up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/stop.double-cc up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/stop.double-proto-html up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/stop.spell-cc up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/stop.spell-proto-html up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/virtual up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/cleanup/cleanup_map1n.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/cleanup/cleanup_milter.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns.h up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns_lookup.c up to 1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns_rr.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns_rr_eq_sa.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns_sa_to_rr.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns_str_resflags.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns_strrecord.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/dns/dns_strtype.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/compat_level.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/compat_level.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_ldap.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_memcache.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_mysql.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_pgsql.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_proxy.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_sqlite.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dynamicmaps.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/header_body_checks.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mail_dict.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mail_params.h up to 1.19 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mail_proto.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mail_version.h up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/map_search.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/map_search.ref up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/maps.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/maps.ref up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mkmap_proxy.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/namadr_list.in up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/namadr_list.ref up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/smtp_stream.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/smtp_stream.h up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/local/local_expand.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/milter/milter8.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postalias/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postalias/postalias.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/postconf.h up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/postconf_dbms.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/postconf_edit.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/postconf_main.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/postconf_master.c up to 1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/postconf_misc.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postconf/test58.ref up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postfix/postfix.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postlog/postlog.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postlogd/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postmap/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postmap/postmap.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postqueue/postqueue.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postscreen/postscreen.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postscreen/postscreen_smtpd.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/posttls-finger/posttls-finger.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/proxymap/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/showq/showq.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/lmtp_params.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp.c up to 1.13 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp_addr.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp_addr.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp_connect.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp_params.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp_proto.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp_reuse.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtp/smtp_session.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd.c up to 1.20 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd_check.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd_peer.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd_proxy.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd_sasl_glue.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd_server.in up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/smtpd/smtpd_server.ref up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_client.c up to 1.13 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_dane.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_dh.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_fprint.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_misc.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_proxy.h up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_proxy_client_misc.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_proxy_client_print.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_proxy_client_scan.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tls/tls_server.c up to 1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/tlsproxy/tlsproxy.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/argv.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/argv.h up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/attr.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/clean_env.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_cache.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_cdb.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_cidr.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_db.h up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_dbm.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_fail.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_lmdb.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_open.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_pcre.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_regexp.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_sdbm.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/hash_fnv.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/hash_fnv.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/htable.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_connect.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/make_dirs.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/match_list.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mystrtok.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mystrtok.ref up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/sock_addr.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/sock_addr.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/split_nameval.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/stringops.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/sys_defs.h up to 1.14 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/unix_send_fd.c up to 1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/valid_hostname.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/valid_hostname.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/xsasl/xsasl_cyrus_server.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/lib/global/Makefile up to 1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/lib/util/Makefile up to 1.11 doc/3RDPARTY (apply patch) Update Postfix to 3.8.4. @ text @a10 1 @ 1.1.1.6 log @Import Postfix 3.8.4 (last was 3.7.3) December 22, 2023: 3.8.4/3.7.9 ============================== Security: this release adds support to defend against an email spoofing attack (SMTP smuggling) on recipients at a Postfix server. For background, see https://www.postfix.org/smtp-smuggling.html. Sites concerned about SMTP smuggling attacks should enable this feature on Internet-facing Postfix servers. For compatibility with non-standard clients, Postfix by default excludes clients in mynetworks from this countermeasure. The recommended settings are: # Optionally disconnect remote SMTP clients that send bare newlines, # but allow local clients with non-standard SMTP implementations # such as netcat, fax machines, or load balancer health checks. # smtpd_forbid_bare_newline = yes smtpd_forbid_bare_newline_exclusions = $mynetworks The smtpd_forbid_bare_newline feature is disabled by default. November 1, 2023: 3.8.3/3.7.8 ============================= Bugfix (defect introduced Postfix 2.5, date 20080104): the Postfix SMTP server was waiting for a client command instead of replying immediately, after a client certificate verification error in TLS wrappermode. Reported by Andreas Kinzler. Usability: the Postfix SMTP server (finally) attempts to log the SASL username after authentication failure. In Postfix logging, this appends ", sasl_username=xxx" after the reason for SASL authentication failure. The logging replaces an unavailable reason with "(reason unavailable)", and replaces an unavailable sasl_username with "(unavailable)". Based on code by Jozsef Kadlecsik. Compatibility bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix 2.11, date 20130405): in forward_path, the expression ${recipient_delimiter} would expand to an empty string when a recipient address had no recipient delimiter. The compatibility fix is to use a configured recipient delimiter value instead. Reported by Tod A. Sandman. September 1, 2023: 3.8.2/3.7.7 ============================== Bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix alpha, 19980207): the valid_hostname() check in the Postfix DNS client library was blocking unusual but legitimate wildcard names (*.name) in some DNS lookup results and lookup requests. Examples: name class/type result *.one.example IN CNAME *.other.example *.other.example IN A 10.0.0.1 *.other.example IN TLSA ..certificate info... Such syntax is blesed in RFC 1034 section 4.3.3. Bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix 3.0, 20140218): when an address verification probe fails during or after an opportunistic TLS handshake, don't enforce a minimum time-in-queue before falling back to plaintext. Problem reported by Serg. June 5, 2023: 3.8.1/3.7.6 ========================= Optional: harden a Postfix SMTP server against remote SMTP clients that violate RFC 2920 (or 5321) command pipelining constraints. With "smtpd_forbid_unauth_pipelining = yes", the server disconnects a client immediately, after responding with "554 5.5.0 Error: SMTP protocol synchronization" and after logging "improper command pipelining" with the unexpected remote SMTP client input. This feature is disabled by default in Postfix 3.5-3.8 to avoid breaking home-grown utilities, but it is enabled by default in Postfix 3.9. A similar feature is enabled by default in the Exim SMTP server. Optional: some OS distributions crank up TLS security to 11, and in doing so increase the number of plaintext email deliveries. This introduces basic OpenSSL configuration file support that may be used to override OS-level settings. Details are in the postconf(5) manpage under tls_config_file and tls_config_name. Bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix 1.0): the command "postconf .. name=v1 .. name=v2 .." (multiple instances of the same parameter name) created multiple main.cf name=value entries with the same parameter name. It now logs a warning and skips the earlier name(s) and value(s). Found during code maintenance. Bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix 3.3): the command "postconf -M name1/type1='name2 type2 ...'" died with a segmentation violation when the request matched multiple master.cf entries. The master.cf file was not damaged. Problem reported by SATOH Fumiyasu. Bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix 2.11): the command "postconf -M name1/type1='name2 type2 ...'" could add a service definition to master.cf that conflicted with an already existing service definition. It now replaces all existing service definitions that match the service pattern 'name1/type1' or the service name and type in 'name2 type2 ...' with a single service definition 'name2 type2 ...'. Problem reported by SATOH Fumiyasu. Bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix 3.8) the posttls-finger command could access uninitialized memory when reconnecting. This also fixes a malformed warning message when a destination contains ":service" information. Reported by Thomas Korbar. Bugfix (defect introduced: Postfix 3.2): the MySQL client could return "not found" instead of "error" (for example, resulting in a 5XX SMTP status instead of 4XX) during the time that all MySQL server connections were turned down after error. Found during code maintenance. File: global/dict_mysql.c. This was already fixed in Postfix 3.4-3.7. April 18, 2023: 3.7.5 ===================== Bugfix (problem introduced in Postfix 3.5): check_ccert_access did not handle inline map specifications. Report and fix by Sean Gallagher. Bugfix (problem introduced in Postfix 3.4): the posttls-finger command failed to detect that a connection was resumed in the case that a server did not return a certificate. Fix by Viktor Dukhovni. Workaround: OpenSSL 3.x EVP_get_cipherbyname() can return lazily-bound handles. Postfix now checks that the expected functionality will be available instead of failing later. Fix by Viktor Dukhovni. Safety: the long form "{ name = value }" in import_environment or export_environment is not documented (with spaces around the '='), but it was silently accepted, and it was stored in the process environment as the invalid form "name = value", thus not setting or overriding an entry for "name". This form is now stored as the expected "name=value". Found during code maintenance. Bugfix (problem introduced in Postfix 3.2): the MySQL client could return "not found" instead of "error" (for example, resulting in a 5XX SMTP status instead of 4XX) during the time that all MySQL server connections were turned down after error. Found during code maintenance. April 17, 2023: 3.8.0 ===================== Support to look up DNS SRV records in the Postfix SMTP/LMTP client, Based on code by Tomas Korbar (Red Hat). For example, with "use_srv_lookup = submission" and "relayhost = example.com:submission", the Postfix SMTP client will look up DNS SRV records for _submission._tcp.example.com, and will relay email through the hosts and ports that are specified with those records. TLS obsolescence: Postfix now treats the "export" and "low" cipher grade settings as "medium". The "export" and "low" grades are no longer supported in OpenSSL 1.1.1, the minimum version required in Postfix 3.6.0 and later. Also, Postfix default settings now exclude deprecated or unused ciphers (SEED, IDEA, 3DES, RC2, RC4, RC5), digest (MD5), key exchange algorithms (DH, ECDH), and public key algorithm (DSS). Attack resistance: the Postfix SMTP server can now aggregate smtpd_client_*_rate and smtpd_client_*_count statistics by network block instead of by IP address, to raise the bar against a memory exhaustion attack in the anvil(8) server; Postfix TLS support unconditionally disables TLS renegotiation in the middle of an SMTP connection, to avoid a CPU exhaustion attack. The PostgreSQL client encoding is now configurable with the "encoding" Postfix configuration file attribute. The default is "UTF8". Previously the encoding was hard-coded as "LATIN1", which is not useful in the context of SMTP. The postconf command now warns for #comment in or after a Postfix parameter value. Postfix programs do not support #comment after other text, and treat that as input. January 12, 2023: 3.7.4 ======================= Workaround: with OpenSSL 3 and later always turn on SSL_OP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOF, to avoid warning messages and missed opportunities for TLS session reuse. This is safe because the SMTP protocol implements application-level framing, and is therefore not affected by TLS truncation attacks. Fix by Viktor Dukhovni. Workaround: OpenSSL 3.x EVP_get_digestbyname() can return lazily-bound handles for digest implementations. In sufficiently hostile configurations, Postfix could mistakenly believe that a digest algorithm is available, and fail when it is not. A similar workaround may be needed for EVP_get_cipherbyname(). Fix by Viktor Dukhovni. Bugfix (bug introduced in Postfix 2.11): the checkok() macro in tls/tls_fprint.c evaluated its argument unconditionally; it should evaluate the argument only if there was no prior error. Found during code review. Bugfix (bug introduced in Postfix 2.8): postscreen died with a segmentation violation when postscreen_dnsbl_threshold < 1. It should reject such input with a fatal error instead. Discovered by Benny Pedersen. Bitrot: fixes for linker warnings from newer Darwin (MacOS) versions. Viktor Dukhovni. Portability: Linux 6 support. Added missing documentation that cidr:, pcre: and regexp: tables support inline specification only in Postfix 3.7 and later. @ text @a10 1 @ 1.1.1.6.2.1 log @Sync with HEAD @ text @d2 1 a2 1 "https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> d332 1 a332 1The queue manager maintains a limited active queue with the d352 6 a357 7
The smtp(8) client looks up a list of SMTP servers for the destination(s) in a delivery request, sorts the list by preference, and tries each server in turn until it has delivered or bounced all recipients in the delivery request. It encapsulates the sender, recipients and message content as required by the SMTP protocol; this includes message body conversion from 8-bit MIME to 7-bit encoding, but does not include RFC 2047 header encoding.
d387 4 a390 6 inbound interface). The interface is UNIX compatible: the pipe(8) mailer provides information to a child process command line, environment variables, and standard input stream, and expects a child process exit status code as defined in <sysexits.h>. Examples of delivery via the pipe(8) mailer are in the FILTER_README, MAILDROP_README, d505 1 a505 3 implement "sendmail -qRsite", "sendmail -qIqueueid" "postqueue -s site", "postqueue -i queueid", and ETRN as described d589 9 a597 1 in the top of the figure below. a621 8After the mail transaction completes, the Postfix smtp(8) client gives the smtp(8)-to-tlsproxy(8) connection to the scache(8) server, which keeps the connection open for a limited amount of time. The smtp(8) client continues with some other mail delivery request. Meanwhile, any Postfix smtp(8) client can ask the scache(8) server for that cached connection and reuse it for mail delivery.
@ 1.1.1.7 log @Import postfix-3.10.1 (previous was 3.8.4) Summary: Postfix 3.9 (July 2022): This release focused on enhancing the TLS (Transport Layer Security) capabilities of Postfix. It introduced support for TLSv1.3, allowing for more secure and efficient encrypted communications. Additionally, improvements were made to the handling of TLSA records, which are used in DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) to associate TLS certificates with domain names. Postfix 3.10 (July 2023): This version brought significant updates to Postfix's SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) functionalities. It added support for the SMTPUTF8 extension, enabling the use of UTF-8 encoding in email addresses and headers, which is essential for internationalization. The release also included performance optimizations, particularly in the handling of large mail queues, and introduced new configuration parameters to provide administrators with finer control over mail processing. The changes are described more in detail in: 3.10 changes: RELEASE_NOTES 3.9 changes: RELEASE_NOTES_3.9 3.8 changes: RELEASE_NOTES_3.8 @ text @d2 1 a2 1 "https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> d332 1 a332 1The queue manager maintains a limited active queue with the d352 6 a357 7
The smtp(8) client looks up a list of SMTP servers for the destination(s) in a delivery request, sorts the list by preference, and tries each server in turn until it has delivered or bounced all recipients in the delivery request. It encapsulates the sender, recipients and message content as required by the SMTP protocol; this includes message body conversion from 8-bit MIME to 7-bit encoding, but does not include RFC 2047 header encoding.
d387 4 a390 6 inbound interface). The interface is UNIX compatible: the pipe(8) mailer provides information to a child process command line, environment variables, and standard input stream, and expects a child process exit status code as defined in <sysexits.h>. Examples of delivery via the pipe(8) mailer are in the FILTER_README, MAILDROP_README, d505 1 a505 3 implement "sendmail -qRsite", "sendmail -qIqueueid" "postqueue -s site", "postqueue -i queueid", and ETRN as described d589 9 a597 1 in the top of the figure below. a621 8After the mail transaction completes, the Postfix smtp(8) client gives the smtp(8)-to-tlsproxy(8) connection to the scache(8) server, which keeps the connection open for a limited amount of time. The smtp(8) client continues with some other mail delivery request. Meanwhile, any Postfix smtp(8) client can ask the scache(8) server for that cached connection and reuse it for mail delivery.
@ 1.1.1.7.2.1 log @Pull up the following, requested by christos in ticket #283: external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/README_FILES/NON_BERKELEYDB_README up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/README_FILES/REQUIRETLS_README up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/conf/postfix-non-bdb-script up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/html/NON_BERKELEYDB_README.html up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/html/REQUIRETLS_README.html up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/html/nbdb_reindexd.8.html up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/html/postfix-non-bdb.1.html up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/man/man1/postfix-non-bdb.1 up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/man/man8/nbdb_reindexd.8 up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/mantools/check-proxy-type-table up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/proto/NON_BERKELEYDB_README.html up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/proto/REQUIRETLS_README.html up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/cleanup/cleanup_message_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/ehlo_mask_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_clnt.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/allowed_prefix.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/allowed_prefix.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/allowed_prefix_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/dict_sqlite_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/haproxy_srvr_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/login_sender_match_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_clnt.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_redirect.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_redirect.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_redirect_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_surrogate.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_surrogate.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_surrogate_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_util.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_util.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/nbdb_util_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/pol_stats.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/pol_stats.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/pol_stats_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postalias/mode_conflict_test.in up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postalias/mode_conflict_test.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test77-main.cf up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test77.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test78.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test79.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test80.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test81.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test82.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test83.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test84.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test85.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test86.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test87.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postconf/test91.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postmap/mode_conflict_test.in up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postmap/mode_conflict_test.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/postmulti/fake_strcmp.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/smtp/smtp_reqtls_policy.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/smtp/smtp_reqtls_policy.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/smtp/smtp_reqtls_policy_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/smtp/smtp_tls_policy_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/smtpd/smtpd_peer_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_union_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/hash_fnv_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/mac_midna.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/normalize_v4mapped_addr.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_debug.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_debug_test.ref up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_debug_test.sh up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_pipe_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/mac_midna.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/normalize_v4mapped_addr.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/normalize_v4mapped_addr_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/ossl_digest.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/ossl_digest.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/ossl_digest_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/wrap_stat.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/wrap_stat.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/Makefile.in up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_index_as.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_index_as.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_index_as_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_process.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_process.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_process_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_reindexd.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_reindexd.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_safe.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_safe.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_safe_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_sniffer.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_sniffer.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/nbdb_reindexd/nbdb_sniffer_test.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/Makefile.in up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/dict_test_helper.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/dict_test_helper.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_dict.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_dict.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_open_as.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_open_as.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_spawn_command.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_spawn_command.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_stat.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/mock_stat.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/msg_capture.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/msg_capture.h up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/testing/nosleep.c up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/TESTING up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/RELEASE_NOTES-3.10 up to external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/ehlo_mask.in delete external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/global/ehlo_mask.ref delete external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_pipe_test.in delete external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_pipe_test.ref delete external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_union_test.in delete external/ibm-public/postfix//dist/src/util/dict_union_test.ref delete external/ibm-public/postfix/Makefile.inc up to 1.32 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/HISTORY up to 1.1.1.31 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/INSTALL up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/RELEASE_NOTES up to 1.1.1.19 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/makedefs up to 1.18 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/AAAREADME up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/CDB_README up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/COMPATIBILITY_README up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/DATABASE_README up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/DEPRECATION_README up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/INSTALL up to 1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/MULTI_INSTANCE_README up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/MYSQL_README up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/OVERVIEW up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/RELEASE_NOTES up to 1.1.1.19 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/SASL_README up to 1.1.1.13 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/SMTPUTF8_README up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/SOHO_README up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/TLSRPT_README up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/UUCP_README up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/VIRTUAL_README up to 1.1.1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/README_FILES/XCLIENT_README up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/access up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/aliases up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/canonical up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/generic up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/main.cf up to 1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/postfix-files up to 1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/postfix-script up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/postfix-tls-script up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/relocated up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/transport up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/conf/virtual up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/CDB_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/COMPATIBILITY_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/DATABASE_README.html up to 1.1.1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/DEPRECATION_README.html up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/INSTALL.html up to 1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/MULTI_INSTANCE_README.html up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/MYSQL_README.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/OVERVIEW.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/SASL_README.html up to 1.1.1.13 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/SMTPUTF8_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/SOHO_README.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/TLSRPT_README.html up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/UUCP_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/VIRTUAL_README.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/XCLIENT_README.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/access.5.html up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/aliases.5.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/bounce.8.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/canonical.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/cidr_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/cleanup.8.html up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/defer.8.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/discard.8.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/error.8.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/generic.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/index.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/ldap_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/lmdb_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/lmtp.8.html up to 1.1.1.14 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/mailq.1.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/makedefs.1.html up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/memcache_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/mongodb_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/mysql_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/newaliases.1.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/nisplus_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/oqmgr.8.html up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/pcre_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/pgsql_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postalias.1.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postconf.1.html up to 1.1.1.13 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postconf.5.html up to 1.22 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postdrop.1.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postfix-manuals.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postfix-tls.1.html up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postfix.1.html up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postlog.1.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postmap.1.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postmulti.1.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postqueue.1.html up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/postscreen.8.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/posttls-finger.1.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/proxymap.8.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/qmgr.8.html up to 1.1.1.11 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/regexp_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/relocated.5.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/sendmail.1.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/smtp.8.html up to 1.1.1.14 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/smtpd.8.html up to 1.1.1.15 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/socketmap_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/sqlite_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/tcp_table.5.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/trace.8.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/transport.5.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/virtual.5.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/html/virtual.8.html up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/makedefs.1 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postalias.1 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postconf.1 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postdrop.1 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postfix-tls.1 up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postfix.1 up to 1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postlog.1 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postmap.1 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postmulti.1 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/postqueue.1 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/posttls-finger.1 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man1/sendmail.1 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/access.5 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/aliases.5 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/canonical.5 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/cidr_table.5 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/generic.5 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/ldap_table.5 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/lmdb_table.5 up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/memcache_table.5 up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/mongodb_table.5 up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/mysql_table.5 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/nisplus_table.5 up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/pcre_table.5 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/pgsql_table.5 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/postconf.5 up to 1.21 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/regexp_table.5 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/relocated.5 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/socketmap_table.5 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/sqlite_table.5 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/tcp_table.5 up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/transport.5 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man5/virtual.5 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/bounce.8 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/cleanup.8 up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/discard.8 up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/error.8 up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/oqmgr.8 up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/postscreen.8 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/proxymap.8 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/qmgr.8 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/smtp.8 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/smtpd.8 up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/man/man8/virtual.8 up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/check-postconf-unimplemented up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/check-spell-history up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/check-spell-proto-html up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/dehtml up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/postconf2man up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/postlink up to 1.1.1.15 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/mantools/srctoman up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/CDB_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/COMPATIBILITY_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/DATABASE_README.html up to 1.1.1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/DEPRECATION_README.html up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/INSTALL.html up to 1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/MULTI_INSTANCE_README.html up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/MYSQL_README.html up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.9 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/OVERVIEW.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/SASL_README.html up to 1.1.1.13 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/SMTPUTF8_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/TLSRPT_README.html up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/UUCP_README.html up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/VIRTUAL_README.html up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/XCLIENT_README.html up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/access up to 1.1.1.10 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/aliases up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/canonical up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/proto/cidr_table up to 1.1.1.8 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external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_sqlite.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dict_sqlite.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/dsn_util.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/ehlo_mask.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/ehlo_mask.h up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/haproxy_srvr.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/haproxy_srvr.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/header_opts.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/header_opts.h up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/log_adhoc.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/log_adhoc.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/login_sender_match.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mail_conf.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/global/mail_conf.h up to 1.4 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external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postqueue/postqueue.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postqueue/showq_compat.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postqueue/showq_json.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postscreen/postscreen.c up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/postscreen/postscreen_endpt.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/posttls-finger/posttls-finger.c up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/proxymap/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.8 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/proxymap/proxymap.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/qmgr/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/qmgr/qmgr.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/qmgr/qmgr_bounce.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/qmgr/qmgr_defer.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/qmgr/qmgr_message.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/sendmail/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.6 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1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_inline.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_lmdb.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_ni.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_nis.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_nisplus.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_open.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_pcre.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_pipe.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_random.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_regexp.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_sdbm.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_seq.ref up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_sockmap.c up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_static.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_surrogate.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_tcp.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_test.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_thash.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_union.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_unix.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/dict_utf8_test.ref up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/hash_fnv.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/hex_code.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/hex_code.h up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/htable.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_addr_list.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_prefix_top.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/inet_proto.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mac_expand.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mac_expand.h up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mac_expand.in up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mac_expand.ref up to 1.1.1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/match_list.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/midna_domain.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/mkmap_open.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/msg_vstream.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/myaddrinfo.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/myaddrinfo.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/myaddrinfo.ref up to 1.1.1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/myaddrinfo.ref2 up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/myaddrinfo4.ref up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/myaddrinfo4.ref2 up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/myflock.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/name_mask.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/name_mask.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/name_mask.ref5 up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/name_mask.ref6 up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/netstring.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/normalize_ws.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/open_as.c up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/open_as.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/quote_for_json.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/sane_sockaddr_to_hostaddr.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/spawn_command.c up to 1.4 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/spawn_command.h up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/stringops.h up to 1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/sys_defs.h up to 1.16 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/unescape.ref up to 1.1.1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/vbuf_print.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/vbuf_print_test.in up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/vbuf_print_test.ref up to 1.1.1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/vstream.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/vstream.h up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/vstring.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/util/vstring_vstream.c up to 1.3 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/verify/verify.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/virtual/Makefile.in up to 1.1.1.7 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/virtual/virtual.c up to 1.5 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/virtual/virtual.h up to 1.2 external/ibm-public/postfix/dist/src/xsasl/xsasl_dovecot_server.c up to 1.6 external/ibm-public/postfix/lib/global/Makefile up to 1.12 external/ibm-public/postfix/lib/util/Makefile up to 1.13 external/ibm-public/postfix/libexec/smtp/Makefile up to 1.5 doc/3RDPARTY (manually edited) Import Postfix 3.11.2. @ text @d59 1 a59 1Postfix
Architecture Overview This document presents an overview of the Postfix architecture, and provides pointers to descriptions of every Postfix command or server program. The text gives the general context in which each command or server program is used, and provides pointers to documents with specific usage examples and background information.
Topics covered by this document:
When a message enters the Postfix mail system, the first stop on the inside is the incoming queue. The figure below shows the main processes that are involved with new mail. Names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
trivial-
rewrite(8)Network -> smtpd(8)
^
||
v\ Network -> qmqpd(8) -> cleanup(8) -> incoming / pickup(8) <- maildrop ^
|Local -> sendmail(1) -> postdrop(1)
Network mail enters Postfix via the smtpd(8) or qmqpd(8) servers. These servers remove the SMTP or QMQP protocol encapsulation, enforce some sanity checks to protect Postfix, and give the sender, recipients and message content to the cleanup(8) server. The smtpd(8) server can be configured to block unwanted mail, as described in the SMTPD_ACCESS_README document.
Local submissions are received with the Postfix sendmail(1) compatibility command, and are queued in the maildrop queue by the privileged postdrop(1) command. This arrangement even works while the Postfix mail system is not running. The local pickup(8) server picks up local submissions, enforces some sanity checks to protect Postfix, and gives the sender, recipients and message content to the cleanup(8) server.
Mail from internal sources is given directly to the cleanup(8) server. These sources are not shown in the figure, and include: mail that is forwarded by the local(8) delivery agent (see next section), messages that are returned to the sender by the bounce(8) server (see second-next section), and postmaster notifications about problems with Postfix.
The cleanup(8) server implements the final processing stage before mail is queued. It adds missing From: and other message headers, and transforms addresses as described in the ADDRESS_REWRITING_README document. Optionally, the cleanup(8) server can be configured to do light-weight content inspection with regular expressions as described in the BUILTIN_FILTER_README document. The cleanup(8) server places the result as a single file into the incoming queue, and notifies the queue manager (see next section) of the arrival of new mail.
The trivial-rewrite(8) server rewrites addresses to the standard "user@@fully.qualified.domain" form, as described in the ADDRESS_REWRITING_README document. Postfix currently does not implement a rewriting language, but a lot can be done via table lookups and, if need be, regular expressions.
Once a message has reached the incoming queue the next step is to deliver it. The figure shows the main components of the Postfix mail delivery apparatus. Names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
trivial-
rewrite(8)smtp(8) -> Network /
^
||
v- lmtp(8) -> Network / incoming -> active -> qmgr(8) --- local(8) -> File, command
^
||
v\ - virtual(8) -> File deferred \ pipe(8) -> Command
The queue manager (the qmgr(8) server process in the figure) is the heart of Postfix mail delivery. It contacts the smtp(8), lmtp(8), local(8), virtual(8), pipe(8), discard(8) or error(8) delivery agents, and sends a delivery request for one or more recipient addresses. The discard(8) and error(8) delivery agents are special: they discard or bounce all mail, and are not shown in the figure above.
The queue manager maintains a small active queue with the messages that it has opened for delivery. The active queue acts as a limited window on potentially large incoming or deferred queues. The limited active queue prevents the queue manager from running out of memory under heavy load.
The queue manager maintains a separate deferred queue for mail that cannot be delivered, so that a large mail backlog will not slow down normal queue accesses. The queue manager's strategy for delayed mail delivery attempts is described in the QSHAPE_README and TUNING_README documents.
The trivial-rewrite(8) server resolves each recipient address according to its local or remote address class, as defined in the ADDRESS_CLASS_README document. Additional routing information can be specified with the optional transport(5) table. The trivial-rewrite(8) server optionally queries the relocated(5) table for recipients whose address has changed; mail for such recipients is returned to the sender with an explanation.
The smtp(8) client looks up a list of mail exchangers for the destination host, sorts the list by preference, and tries each server in turn until it finds a server that responds. It then encapsulates the sender, recipient and message content as required by the SMTP protocol; this includes conversion of 8-bit MIME to 7-bit encoding.
The lmtp(8) client speaks a protocol similar to SMTP that is optimized for delivery to mailbox servers such as Cyrus. The advantage of this setup is that one Postfix machine can feed multiple mailbox servers over LMTP. The opposite is true as well: one mailbox server can be fed over LMTP by multiple Postfix machines.
The local(8) delivery agent understands UNIX-style mailboxes, qmail-compatible maildir files, Sendmail-style system-wide aliases(5) databases, and Sendmail-style per-user .forward files. Multiple local delivery agents can be run in parallel, but parallel delivery to the same user is usually limited.
The local(8) delivery agent has hooks for alternative forms of local delivery: you can configure it to deliver to mailbox files in user home directories, you can configure it to delegate mailbox delivery to an external command such as procmail, or you can delegate delivery to a different Postfix delivery agent.
The virtual(8) delivery agent is a bare-bones delivery agent that delivers to UNIX-style mailbox or qmail-style maildir files only. This delivery agent can deliver mail for multiple domains, which makes it especially suitable for hosting lots of small domains on a single machine. This is described in the VIRTUAL_README document.
The pipe(8) mailer is the outbound interface to other mail processing systems (the Postfix sendmail(1) command being the inbound interface). The interface is UNIX compatible: it provides information on the command line and on the standard input stream, and expects a process exit status code as defined in <sysexits.h>. Examples of delivery via the pipe(8) mailer are in the MAILDROP_README and UUCP_README documents.
The previous sections gave an overview of how Postfix server processes send and receive mail. These server processes rely on other server processes that do things behind the scenes. The text below attempts to visualize each service in its own context. As before, names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
The resident master(8) server is the supervisor that keeps an eye on the well-being of the Postfix mail system. It is typically started at system boot time with the "postfix start" command, and keeps running until the system goes down. The master(8) server is responsible for starting Postfix server processes to receive and deliver mail, and for restarting servers that terminate prematurely because of some problem. The master(8) server is also responsible for enforcing the server process count limits as specified in the master.cf configuration file. The picture below gives the program hierarchy when Postfix is started up. Only some of the mail handling daemon processes are shown.
| postfix(1) | |||||||||||
| | | | |||||||||||
| postfix-script(1) | |||||||||||
|
| | |
| |||||||||
| postsuper(1) | master(8) | postlog(1) | |||||||||
|
| | |
| |||||||||
| smtpd(8) | qmgr(8) | local(8) | |||||||||
The anvil(8) server implements client connection and request rate limiting for all smtpd(8) servers. The TUNING_README document provides guidance for dealing with mis-behaving SMTP clients. The anvil(8) service is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later.
| Network | -> | smtpd(8) | <-> | anvil(8) |
The bounce(8), defer(8) and trace(8) services each maintain their own queue directory trees with per-message logfiles. Postfix uses this information when sending "failed", "delayed" or "success" delivery status notifications to the sender.
The trace(8) service also implements support for the Postfix "sendmail -bv" and "sendmail -v" commands which produce reports about how Postfix delivers mail, and is available with Postfix version 2.1 and later. See DEBUG_README for examples.
| cleanup(8) | -> | qmgr(8) Postfix queue | -> | Delivery agents |
| ^ | | | v |
| v | ||
| (Non-) delivery notice | <- | bounce(8) defer(8) trace(8) | <- | Queue
id, recipient, status |
| ||||
|
Per- message logfiles | ||||
The flush(8) servers maintain per-destination logs and implement both ETRN and "sendmail -qRdestination", as described in the ETRN_README document. This moves selected queue files from the deferred queue back to the incoming queue and requests their delivery. The flush(8) service is available with Postfix version 1.0 and later.
|
incoming ^ deferred | ||||||||
| ^ | | ||||||||
| smtpd(8) sendmail(1) postqueue(1) | - |
Destination to flush | -> | flush(8) | <- | Deferred destination, queue id | - |
Delivery agents, qmgr(8) |
| ||||||||
| Per-dest- ination logs | ||||||||
The proxymap(8) servers provide read-only and read-write table lookup service to Postfix processes. This overcomes chroot restrictions, reduces the number of open lookup tables by sharing one open table among multiple processes, and implements single-updater tables.
The scache(8) server maintains the connection cache for the Postfix smtp(8) client. When connection caching is enabled for selected destinations, the smtp(8) client does not disconnect immediately after a mail transaction, but gives the connection to the connection cache server which keeps the connection open for a limited amount of time. The smtp(8) client continues with some other mail delivery request. Meanwhile, any smtp(8) process can ask the scache(8) server for that cached connection and reuse it for mail delivery. As a safety measure, Postfix limits the number of times that a connection may be reused.
When delivering mail to a destination with multiple mail servers, connection caching can help to skip over a non-responding server, and thus dramatically speed up delivery. SMTP connection caching is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later. More information about this feature is in the CONNECTION_CACHE_README document.
| /-- | smtp(8) | --> Internet | ||||
| qmgr(8) | | | | | v | |||||
| \-- | smtp(8) | --> Internet | ||||
| ^ | |
||||||
| scache(8) | ||||||
The showq(8) servers list the Postfix queue status. This is the queue listing service that does the work for the mailq(1) and postqueue(1) commands.
| Output | <- | mailq(1) post- queue(1) | <- | showq(8) | <- | Postfix queue |
The spawn(8) servers run non-Postfix commands on request, with the client connected via socket or FIFO to the command's standard input, output and error streams. You can find examples of its use in the SMTPD_POLICY_README document.
The tlsmgr(8) server runs when TLS (Transport Layer Security, formerly known as SSL) is turned on in the Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server. This process has two duties:
Maintain the pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that is used to seed the TLS engines in Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server processes. The state of this PRNG is periodically saved to a file, and is read when tlsmgr(8) starts up.
Maintain the optional Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server caches with TLS session keys. Saved keys can improve performance by reducing the amount of computation at the start of a TLS session.
TLS support is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later. Information about the Postfix TLS implementation is in the TLS_README document.
| Network-> | smtpd(8) |
<---seed--- <-session-> | tlsmgr(8) |
---seed---> <-session-> | smtp(8) | ->Network | ||||||||||
| | | |
| ||||||||||||||
|
smtpd session cache | PRNG state file | smtp session cache |
||||||||||||||
The verify(8) server verifies that a sender or recipient address is deliverable before the smtpd(8) server accepts it. The verify(8) server injects probe messages into the Postfix queue and processes status updates from delivery agents and/or queue manager. This process is described in the ADDRESS_VERIFICATION_README document. The verify(8) service is available with Postfix version 2.1 and later.
| Network | -> | smtpd(8) | <-> | verify(8) | -> | cleanup(8) | -> |
qmgr(8) Postfix queue | -> | Delivery agents |
|||||||
| <- | <- |
| v |
| |||||||||||||
The Postfix architecture overview ends with a summary of command-line utilities for day-to-day use of the Postfix mail system. Besides the Sendmail-compatible sendmail(1), mailq(1), and newaliases(1) commands, the Postfix system comes with it own collection of command-line utilities. For consistency, these are all named postsomething.
The postfix(1) command controls the operation of the mail system. It is the interface for starting, stopping, and restarting the mail system, as well as for some other administrative operations. This command is reserved to the super-user.
The postalias(1) command maintains Postfix aliases(5) type databases. This is the program that does the work for the newaliases(1) command.
The postcat(1) command displays the contents of Postfix queue files. This is a limited, preliminary utility. This program is likely to be superseded by something more powerful that can also edit Postfix queue files.
The postconf(1) command displays or updates Postfix main.cf parameters and displays system dependent information about the supported file locking methods, and the supported types of lookup tables.
The postdrop(1) command is the mail posting utility that is run by the Postfix sendmail(1) command in order to deposit mail into the maildrop queue directory.
The postkick(1) command makes some Postfix internal communication channels available for use in, for example, shell scripts.
The postlock(1) command provides Postfix-compatible mailbox locking for use in, for example, shell scripts.
The postlog(1) command provides Postfix-compatible logging for shell scripts.
The postmap(1) command maintains Postfix lookup tables such as canonical(5), virtual(5) and others. It is a cousin of the UNIX makemap command.
The postmulti(1) command repeats the "postfix start" etc. command for each Postfix instance, and supports creation, deletion etc. of Postfix instances. For a tutorial, see MULTI_INSTANCE_README.
The postqueue(1) command is the privileged command that is run by Postfix sendmail(1) and mailq(1) in order to flush or list the mail queue.
The postsuper(1) command maintains the Postfix queue. It removes old temporary files, and moves queue files into the right directory after a change in the hashing depth of queue directories. This command is run at mail system startup time and when Postfix is restarted.
Postfix
Architecture Overview This document presents an overview of the Postfix architecture, and provides pointers to descriptions of every Postfix command or server program. The text gives the general context in which each command or server program is used, and provides pointers to documents with specific usage examples and background information.
Topics covered by this document:
When a message enters the Postfix mail system, the first stop on the inside is the incoming queue. The figure below shows the main processes that are involved with new mail. Names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
trivial-
rewrite(8)Network -> smtpd(8)
^
||
v\ Network -> qmqpd(8) -> cleanup(8) -> incoming / pickup(8) <- maildrop ^
|Local -> sendmail(1) -> postdrop(1)
Network mail enters Postfix via the smtpd(8) or qmqpd(8) servers. These servers remove the SMTP or QMQP protocol encapsulation, enforce some sanity checks to protect Postfix, and give the sender, recipients and message content to the cleanup(8) server. The smtpd(8) server can be configured to block unwanted mail, as described in the SMTPD_ACCESS_README document.
Local submissions are received with the Postfix sendmail(1) compatibility command, and are queued in the maildrop queue by the privileged postdrop(1) command. This arrangement even works while the Postfix mail system is not running. The local pickup(8) server picks up local submissions, enforces some sanity checks to protect Postfix, and gives the sender, recipients and message content to the cleanup(8) server.
Mail from internal sources is given directly to the cleanup(8) server. These sources are not shown in the figure, and include: mail that is forwarded by the local(8) delivery agent (see next section), messages that are returned to the sender by the bounce(8) server (see second-next section), and postmaster notifications about problems with Postfix.
The cleanup(8) server implements the final processing stage before mail is queued. It adds missing From: and other message headers, and transforms addresses as described in the ADDRESS_REWRITING_README document. Optionally, the cleanup(8) server can be configured to do light-weight content inspection with regular expressions as described in the BUILTIN_FILTER_README document. The cleanup(8) server places the result as a single file into the incoming queue, and notifies the queue manager (see next section) of the arrival of new mail.
The trivial-rewrite(8) server rewrites addresses to the standard "user@@fully.qualified.domain" form, as described in the ADDRESS_REWRITING_README document. Postfix currently does not implement a rewriting language, but a lot can be done via table lookups and, if need be, regular expressions.
Once a message has reached the incoming queue the next step is to deliver it. The figure shows the main components of the Postfix mail delivery apparatus. Names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
trivial-
rewrite(8)smtp(8) -> Network /
^
||
v- lmtp(8) -> Network / incoming -> active -> qmgr(8) --- local(8) -> File, command
^
||
v\ - virtual(8) -> File deferred \ pipe(8) -> Command
The queue manager (the qmgr(8) server process in the figure) is the heart of Postfix mail delivery. It contacts the smtp(8), lmtp(8), local(8), virtual(8), pipe(8), discard(8) or error(8) delivery agents, and sends a delivery request for one or more recipient addresses. The discard(8) and error(8) delivery agents are special: they discard or bounce all mail, and are not shown in the figure above.
The queue manager maintains a small active queue with the messages that it has opened for delivery. The active queue acts as a limited window on potentially large incoming or deferred queues. The limited active queue prevents the queue manager from running out of memory under heavy load.
The queue manager maintains a separate deferred queue for mail that cannot be delivered, so that a large mail backlog will not slow down normal queue accesses. The queue manager's strategy for delayed mail delivery attempts is described in the QSHAPE_README and TUNING_README documents.
The trivial-rewrite(8) server resolves each recipient address according to its local or remote address class, as defined in the ADDRESS_CLASS_README document. Additional routing information can be specified with the optional transport(5) table. The trivial-rewrite(8) server optionally queries the relocated(5) table for recipients whose address has changed; mail for such recipients is returned to the sender with an explanation.
The smtp(8) client looks up a list of mail exchangers for the destination host, sorts the list by preference, and tries each server in turn until it finds a server that responds. It then encapsulates the sender, recipient and message content as required by the SMTP protocol; this includes conversion of 8-bit MIME to 7-bit encoding.
The lmtp(8) client speaks a protocol similar to SMTP that is optimized for delivery to mailbox servers such as Cyrus. The advantage of this setup is that one Postfix machine can feed multiple mailbox servers over LMTP. The opposite is true as well: one mailbox server can be fed over LMTP by multiple Postfix machines.
The local(8) delivery agent understands UNIX-style mailboxes, qmail-compatible maildir files, Sendmail-style system-wide aliases(5) databases, and Sendmail-style per-user .forward files. Multiple local delivery agents can be run in parallel, but parallel delivery to the same user is usually limited.
The local(8) delivery agent has hooks for alternative forms of local delivery: you can configure it to deliver to mailbox files in user home directories, you can configure it to delegate mailbox delivery to an external command such as procmail, or you can delegate delivery to a different Postfix delivery agent.
The virtual(8) delivery agent is a bare-bones delivery agent that delivers to UNIX-style mailbox or qmail-style maildir files only. This delivery agent can deliver mail for multiple domains, which makes it especially suitable for hosting lots of small domains on a single machine. This is described in the VIRTUAL_README document.
The pipe(8) mailer is the outbound interface to other mail processing systems (the Postfix sendmail(1) command being the inbound interface). The interface is UNIX compatible: it provides information on the command line and on the standard input stream, and expects a process exit status code as defined in <sysexits.h>. Examples of delivery via the pipe(8) mailer are in the MAILDROP_README and UUCP_README documents.
The previous sections gave an overview of how Postfix server processes send and receive mail. These server processes rely on other server processes that do things behind the scenes. The text below attempts to visualize each service in its own context. As before, names followed by a number are Postfix commands or server programs, while unnumbered names inside shaded areas represent Postfix queues.
The resident master(8) server is the supervisor that keeps an eye on the well-being of the Postfix mail system. It is typically started at system boot time with the "postfix start" command, and keeps running until the system goes down. The master(8) server is responsible for starting Postfix server processes to receive and deliver mail, and for restarting servers that terminate prematurely because of some problem. The master(8) server is also responsible for enforcing the server process count limits as specified in the master.cf configuration file. The picture below gives the program hierarchy when Postfix is started up. Only some of the mail handling daemon processes are shown.
| postfix(1) | |||||||||||
| | | | |||||||||||
| postfix-script(1) | |||||||||||
|
| | |
| |||||||||
| postsuper(1) | master(8) | postlog(1) | |||||||||
|
| | |
| |||||||||
| smtpd(8) | qmgr(8) | local(8) | |||||||||
The anvil(8) server implements client connection and request rate limiting for all smtpd(8) servers. The TUNING_README document provides guidance for dealing with mis-behaving SMTP clients. The anvil(8) service is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later.
| Network | -> | smtpd(8) | <-> | anvil(8) |
The bounce(8), defer(8) and trace(8) services each maintain their own queue directory trees with per-message logfiles. Postfix uses this information when sending "failed", "delayed" or "success" delivery status notifications to the sender.
The trace(8) service also implements support for the Postfix "sendmail -bv" and "sendmail -v" commands which produce reports about how Postfix delivers mail, and is available with Postfix version 2.1 and later. See DEBUG_README for examples.
| cleanup(8) | -> | qmgr(8) Postfix queue | -> | Delivery agents |
| ^ | | | v |
| v | ||
| (Non-) delivery notice | <- | bounce(8) defer(8) trace(8) | <- | Queue
id, recipient, status |
| ||||
|
Per- message logfiles | ||||
The flush(8) servers maintain per-destination logs and implement both ETRN and "sendmail -qRdestination", as described in the ETRN_README document. This moves selected queue files from the deferred queue back to the incoming queue and requests their delivery. The flush(8) service is available with Postfix version 1.0 and later.
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incoming ^ deferred | ||||||||
| ^ | | ||||||||
| smtpd(8) sendmail(1) postqueue(1) | - |
Destination to flush | -> | flush(8) | <- | Deferred destination, queue id | - |
Delivery agents, qmgr(8) |
| ||||||||
| Per-dest- ination logs | ||||||||
The proxymap(8) servers provide read-only and read-write table lookup service to Postfix processes. This overcomes chroot restrictions, reduces the number of open lookup tables by sharing one open table among multiple processes, and implements single-updater tables.
The scache(8) server maintains the connection cache for the Postfix smtp(8) client. When connection caching is enabled for selected destinations, the smtp(8) client does not disconnect immediately after a mail transaction, but gives the connection to the connection cache server which keeps the connection open for a limited amount of time. The smtp(8) client continues with some other mail delivery request. Meanwhile, any smtp(8) process can ask the scache(8) server for that cached connection and reuse it for mail delivery. As a safety measure, Postfix limits the number of times that a connection may be reused.
When delivering mail to a destination with multiple mail servers, connection caching can help to skip over a non-responding server, and thus dramatically speed up delivery. SMTP connection caching is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later. More information about this feature is in the CONNECTION_CACHE_README document.
| /-- | smtp(8) | --> Internet | ||||
| qmgr(8) | | | | | v | |||||
| \-- | smtp(8) | --> Internet | ||||
| ^ | |
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| scache(8) | ||||||
The showq(8) servers list the Postfix queue status. This is the queue listing service that does the work for the mailq(1) and postqueue(1) commands.
| Output | <- | mailq(1) post- queue(1) | <- | showq(8) | <- | Postfix queue |
The spawn(8) servers run non-Postfix commands on request, with the client connected via socket or FIFO to the command's standard input, output and error streams. You can find examples of its use in the SMTPD_POLICY_README document.
The tlsmgr(8) server runs when TLS (Transport Layer Security, formerly known as SSL) is turned on in the Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server. This process has two duties:
Maintain the pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that is used to seed the TLS engines in Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server processes. The state of this PRNG is periodically saved to a file, and is read when tlsmgr(8) starts up.
Maintain the optional Postfix smtp(8) client or smtpd(8) server caches with TLS session keys. Saved keys can improve performance by reducing the amount of computation at the start of a TLS session.
TLS support is available in Postfix version 2.2 and later. Information about the Postfix TLS implementation is in the TLS_README document.
| Network-> | smtpd(8) |
<---seed--- <-session-> | tlsmgr(8) |
---seed---> <-session-> | smtp(8) | ->Network | ||||||||||
| | | |
| ||||||||||||||
|
smtpd session cache | PRNG state file | smtp session cache |
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The verify(8) server verifies that a sender or recipient address is deliverable before the smtpd(8) server accepts it. The verify(8) server injects probe messages into the Postfix queue and processes status updates from delivery agents and/or queue manager. This process is described in the ADDRESS_VERIFICATION_README document. The verify(8) service is available with Postfix version 2.1 and later.
| Network | -> | smtpd(8) | <-> | verify(8) | -> | cleanup(8) | -> |
qmgr(8) Postfix queue | -> | Delivery agents |
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| <- | <- |
| v |
| |||||||||||||
The Postfix architecture overview ends with a summary of command-line utilities for day-to-day use of the Postfix mail system. Besides the Sendmail-compatible sendmail(1), mailq(1), and newaliases(1) commands, the Postfix system comes with it own collection of command-line utilities. For consistency, these are all named postsomething.
The postfix(1) command controls the operation of the mail system. It is the interface for starting, stopping, and restarting the mail system, as well as for some other administrative operations. This command is reserved to the super-user.
The postalias(1) command maintains Postfix aliases(5) type databases. This is the program that does the work for the newaliases(1) command.
The postcat(1) command displays the contents of Postfix queue files. This is a limited, preliminary utility. This program is likely to be superseded by something more powerful that can also edit Postfix queue files.
The postconf(1) command displays or updates Postfix main.cf parameters and displays system dependent information about the supported file locking methods, and the supported types of lookup tables.
The postdrop(1) command is the mail posting utility that is run by the Postfix sendmail(1) command in order to deposit mail into the maildrop queue directory.
The postkick(1) command makes some Postfix internal communication channels available for use in, for example, shell scripts.
The postlock(1) command provides Postfix-compatible mailbox locking for use in, for example, shell scripts.
The postlog(1) command provides Postfix-compatible logging for shell scripts.
The postmap(1) command maintains Postfix lookup tables such as canonical(5), virtual(5) and others. It is a cousin of the UNIX makemap command.
The postmulti(1) command repeats the "postfix start" etc. command for each Postfix instance, and supports creation, deletion etc. of Postfix instances. For a tutorial, see MULTI_INSTANCE_README.
The postqueue(1) command is the privileged command that is run by Postfix sendmail(1) and mailq(1) in order to flush or list the mail queue.
The postsuper(1) command maintains the Postfix queue. It removes old temporary files, and moves queue files into the right directory after a change in the hashing depth of queue directories. This command is run at mail system startup time and when Postfix is restarted.
The postscreen(8) server can be put "in front" of Postfix smtpd(8) processes. Its purpose is to accept connections from the network and to decide what SMTP clients are allowed to talk to Postfix. According to the 2008 MessageLabs annual report, 81% of all email was spam, and 90% of that was sent by botnets. While postscreen(8) keeps the zombies away, more smtpd(8) processes remain available for legitimate clients.
The postscreen(8) server is still evolving, and is likely to undergo changes that break compatibility with earlier versions. For this reason the postscreen(8) server is not installed with the stable Postfix release.
| zombie | ||||||
| \ | ||||||
| zombie | - | - | smtpd(8) | |||
| \ | / | |||||
| other | --- | postscreen(8) | ||||
| / | \ | |||||
| other | - | - | smtpd(8) a678 5 | |||
| / | ||||||
| zombie |