Drivers for most radio and modem reference clocks is included by default in the NTP distribution. Individual drivers can be activated using server commands as described in the ntpd program manual page. Drivers have addresses in the form 127.127.t.u, where t is the driver type and u is a unit number in the range 0-3 to distinguish multiple instances of the same driver. Most drivers require a serial or parallel port or special bus peripheral, but some can work directly from an audio codec or sound card when availble. The particular device is specified by adding a soft link from the name used by the driver to the device name.
All radio clock drivers require that the radio be set for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) only. Timezone and standard/daylight adjustments are performed by the kernel. There are difference in the various Unix and Windows port interfaces detected at configuration time, so it is important that the NTP daemon and utilities be compiled on the target system or clone.
When a pulse-per-second (PPS) signal is available, the PPS Clock Discipline driver is can be used. It normally works in conjunction with the reference clock that produces the signal, but can work with another driver or remote server. When PPS kernel features are present, the driver can redirect the PPS signal to the kernel.
In general, performance can be improved, especially when more than one driver is supported, to use the prefer peer function described in the Mitigation Rules and the prefer Keyword page. The prefer peer is ordinarily designated the remote peer or local clock driver which provides the best quality time. All other things equal, only the prefer peer is used to discipline the system clock and jitter-producing "clockhopping" between sources is avoided. This is especially valuable when the PPS clock discipline driver is available.
There are audio drivers for each of the NIST time stations WWV and WWVH, Canadian time station CHU and generic IRIG signals. Currently, support for FreeBSD, Solaris and SunOS is in the distribution. It is left to the volunteer corps to confirm this works in other systems. Further information on hookup, debugging and monitoring is given in the Audio Drivers page.
The Undisciplined Local Clock driver can simulate a reference clock when no external synchronization sources are available. If a server with this driver is connected directly or indirectly to the public Internet, there is some danger that it can destabilize other clients. It is not recommended that the loccal clock driver be used in this way, as the orphan mode descibed on the Association Management page provides a generic backup capability.
The local clock driver can also be used when an external synchronization source such as the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol or NIST Lockclock directly synchronizes the computer time. Further information is on the External Clock Discipline and the Local Clock Driver page.
Driver Calibration
Some drivers depending on longwave or shortwave radio services need to know the radio propagation time from the transmitter to the receiver. This must be calculated for each specific receiver location and requires the geographic coordinates of both the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter coordinates for various radio services are given in the Time and Frequency Standard Station Information page. Receiver coordinates can be obtained locally or from Google Earth. The actual calculations are beyond the scope of this document.
Depending on interface type, port speed, etc., a reference clock can have a small residual offset relative to another. To reduce the effects of jitter when switching from one driver to the another, it is useful to calibrate the drivers to a common ensemble offset. The enable calibrate configuration command described on the Miscellaneous Options page activates a special feature which automatically calculates a correction factor for each driver relative to an association designated the prefer peer.
Comprehensive List of Clock Drivers
Following is a list showing the type and title of each driver currently implemented. The compile-time identifier for each is shown in parentheses. Click on a selected type for specific description and configuration documentation, including the clock address, reference ID, driver ID, device name and serial line speed. For those drivers without specific documentation, please contact the author listed in the Copyright Notice page.
NTP Version 4 supports almost four dozen satellite, radio and telephone modem reference clocks plus several audio devices for instrumentation signals. A general description of the reference clock support is on this page. Additional information about each reference clock driver can be found via links from this page. Additional information is on the Debugging Hints for Reference Clock Drivers and How To Write a Reference Clock Driver pages. Information on how to support pulse-per-second (PPS) signals produced by some devices is on the Pulse-per-second (PPS) Signal Interfacing page. All reference clock drivers require that the reference clock use only Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Timezone and standard/daylight adjustments are performed by the operating system kernel.
A reference clock will generally (though not always) be a radio timecode receiver synchronized to standard time as provided by NIST and USNO in the US, NRC in Canada and their counterparts elsewhere in the world. A device driver specific to each reference clock must be compiled in the distribution; however, most common radio, satellite and telephone modem clocks are included by default and are activated by configuration commands.
Reference clocks are supported in the same way as ordinary NTP clients and use the same filter, select, cluster and combine algorithms. Drivers have addresses in the form 127.127.t.u, where t is the driver type and u is a unit number in the range 0-3 to distinguish multiple instances of the same driver. The connection to the computer is device dependent, usually a serial port, parallel port or special bus peripheral, but some can work directly from an audio codec or sound card. The particular device is specified by adding a soft link from the name used by the driver to the particular device name.
The server command is used to configure a reference clock. Only the mode>,minpoll, maxpoll, and prefer options are supported for reference clocks, as described on the Reference Clock Commands page. The prefer option is discussed on the Mitigation Rules and the prefer Keyword page. Some of these options have meaning only for selected clock drivers.
The fudge command can be used to provide additional information for individual drivers and normally follows immediately after the server command. The reference clock stratum is by default 0, so that the server stratum appears to clients as 1. The stratum option can be used to set the stratum to any value in the range 0 through 15. The refid option can be used to change the reference identifier, as might in the case when the driver is disciplined by a pulse-per-second (PPS) source. The device-dependent mode, time and flag options can provide additional driver customization.
Special Considerations
The Audio Drivers page describes three software drivers that process audio signals from an audio codec or sound card. One is for the NIST time and frequency stations WWV and WWVH, another for the Canadian time and frequency station CHU. These require an external shortwave radio and antenna. A third is for the generic IRIG signal produced by some timing devices. Currently, these are supported in FreeBSD, Solaris and SunOS and likely in other system as well.
The Undisciplined Local Clock driver can simulate a reference clock when no external synchronization sources are available. If a server with this driver is connected directly or indirectly to the public Internet, there is some danger that it can destabilize other clients. It is not recommended that the local clock driver be used in this way, as the orphan mode described on the Association Management page provides a generic backup capability.
The local clock driver can also be used when an external synchronization source such as the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol or NIST Lockclock directly synchronizes the computer time. Further information is on the External Clock Discipline and the Local Clock Driver page.
Several drivers make use of the pulse-per-second (PPS) signal discipline, which is part of the generic driver interface, so require no specific configuration. For those drivers that do not use this interface, the PPS Clock Discipline driver can be can provide this function. It normally works in conjunction with the reference clock that produces the timecode signal, but can work with another driver or remote server. When PPS kernel features are present, the driver can redirect the PPS signal to the kernel.
Some drivers depending on longwave or shortwave radio services need to know the radio propagation time from the transmitter to the receiver. This must be calculated for each specific receiver location and requires the geographic coordinates of both the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter coordinates for various radio services are given in the Time and Frequency Standard Station Information page. Receiver coordinates can be obtained locally or from Google Earth. The actual calculations are beyond the scope of this document.
Depending on interface type, port speed, etc., a reference clock can have a small residual offset relative to another. To reduce the effects of jitter when switching from one driver to the another, it is useful to calibrate the drivers to a common ensemble offset. The enable calibrate configuration command described on the Miscellaneous Options page activates a special feature which automatically calculates a correction factor for each driver relative to an association designated the prefer peer.
List of Reference Clock Drivers
Following is a list showing the type and title of each driver currently implemented. The compile-time identifier for each is shown in parentheses. Click on a selected type for specific description and configuration documentation, including the clock address, reference ID, driver ID, device name and serial line speed. For those drivers without specific documentation, please contact the author listed in the Copyright Notice page.
Master Time Facility at the UDel Internet Research Laboratory