head 1.13; access; symbols perseant-exfatfs-base-20250801:1.13 perseant-exfatfs-base-20240630:1.13 cjep_sun2x:1.13.0.44 cjep_sun2x-base:1.13 cjep_staticlib_x-base1:1.13 cjep_staticlib_x:1.13.0.42 cjep_staticlib_x-base:1.13 phil-wifi-20200421:1.13 phil-wifi-20200411:1.13 phil-wifi-20200406:1.13 pgoyette-compat-merge-20190127:1.13 pgoyette-compat-20190127:1.13 pgoyette-compat-20190118:1.13 pgoyette-compat-1226:1.13 pgoyette-compat-1126:1.13 pgoyette-compat-1020:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0930:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0906:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0728:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0625:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0521:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0502:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0422:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0415:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0407:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0330:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0322:1.13 pgoyette-compat-0315:1.13 pgoyette-compat:1.13.0.40 pgoyette-compat-base:1.13 perseant-stdc-iso10646:1.13.0.38 perseant-stdc-iso10646-base:1.13 prg-localcount2-base3:1.13 prg-localcount2-base2:1.13 prg-localcount2-base1:1.13 prg-localcount2:1.13.0.36 prg-localcount2-base:1.13 pgoyette-localcount-20170426:1.13 bouyer-socketcan-base1:1.13 pgoyette-localcount-20170320:1.13 bouyer-socketcan:1.13.0.34 bouyer-socketcan-base:1.13 pgoyette-localcount-20170107:1.13 pgoyette-localcount-20161104:1.13 localcount-20160914:1.13 pgoyette-localcount-20160806:1.13 pgoyette-localcount-20160726:1.13 pgoyette-localcount:1.13.0.32 pgoyette-localcount-base:1.13 netbsd-5-2-3-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-1-5-RELEASE:1.13 yamt-pagecache-base9:1.13 yamt-pagecache-tag8:1.13 tls-earlyentropy:1.13.0.28 tls-earlyentropy-base:1.13 riastradh-xf86-video-intel-2-7-1-pre-2-21-15:1.13 riastradh-drm2-base3:1.13 netbsd-5-2-2-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-1-4-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-2-1-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-1-3-RELEASE:1.13 agc-symver:1.13.0.30 agc-symver-base:1.13 tls-maxphys-base:1.13 yamt-pagecache-base8:1.13 netbsd-5-2:1.13.0.26 yamt-pagecache-base7:1.13 netbsd-5-2-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-2-RC1:1.13 yamt-pagecache-base6:1.13 yamt-pagecache-base5:1.13 yamt-pagecache-base4:1.13 netbsd-5-1-2-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-1-1-RELEASE:1.13 yamt-pagecache-base3:1.13 yamt-pagecache-base2:1.13 yamt-pagecache:1.13.0.24 yamt-pagecache-base:1.13 bouyer-quota2-nbase:1.13 bouyer-quota2:1.13.0.22 bouyer-quota2-base:1.13 matt-nb5-pq3:1.13.0.20 matt-nb5-pq3-base:1.13 netbsd-5-1:1.13.0.18 netbsd-5-1-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-1-RC4:1.13 netbsd-5-1-RC3:1.13 netbsd-5-1-RC2:1.13 netbsd-5-1-RC1:1.13 netbsd-5-0-2-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-0-1-RELEASE:1.13 jym-xensuspend-nbase:1.13 netbsd-5-0:1.13.0.16 netbsd-5-0-RELEASE:1.13 netbsd-5-0-RC4:1.13 netbsd-5-0-RC3:1.13 netbsd-5-0-RC2:1.13 jym-xensuspend:1.13.0.14 jym-xensuspend-base:1.13 netbsd-5-0-RC1:1.13 netbsd-5:1.13.0.12 netbsd-5-base:1.13 yamt-pf42-base4:1.13 yamt-pf42-base3:1.13 hpcarm-cleanup-nbase:1.13 yamt-pf42-base2:1.13 yamt-pf42:1.13.0.10 yamt-pf42-base:1.13 mjf-devfs2:1.13.0.8 mjf-devfs2-base:1.13 keiichi-mipv6-nbase:1.13 keiichi-mipv6:1.13.0.6 keiichi-mipv6-base:1.13 cube-autoconf:1.13.0.4 cube-autoconf-base:1.13 hpcarm-cleanup:1.13.0.2 hpcarm-cleanup-base:1.13 TZDATA97D:1.1.1.11 netbsd-1-2-PATCH001:1.9 TZDATA96M:1.1.1.10 netbsd-1-2-RELEASE:1.9 TZDATA96K:1.1.1.9 netbsd-1-2-BETA:1.9 netbsd-1-2:1.9.0.4 netbsd-1-2-base:1.9 TZDATA96H:1.1.1.8 TZDATA96E:1.1.1.7 TZDATA96D:1.1.1.6 TZDATA96B:1.1.1.5 TZDATA96A:1.1.1.5 netbsd-1-1-PATCH001:1.5 netbsd-1-1-RELEASE:1.5 netbsd-1-1:1.5.0.2 netbsd-1-1-base:1.5 TZDATA95I:1.1.1.4 TZDATA95G:1.1.1.3 TZDATA95E:1.1.1.3 TZDATA95D:1.1.1.3 TZDATA95B:1.1.1.2 ADO:1.1.1 netbsd-1-0-PATCH06:1.2 netbsd-1-0-PATCH05:1.2 netbsd-1-0-PATCH04:1.2 netbsd-1-0-PATCH03:1.2 netbsd-1-0-PATCH02:1.2 netbsd-1-0-PATCH1:1.2 netbsd-1-0-PATCH0:1.2 netbsd-1-0-RELEASE:1.2 netbsd-1-0:1.2.0.2 netbsd-1-0-base:1.2 netbsd-0-9-RELEASE:1.1.1.1 netbsd-0-9-BETA:1.1.1.1 netbsd-0-9-ALPHA2:1.1.1.1 netbsd-0-9-ALPHA:1.1.1.1 netbsd-0-9:1.1.1.1.0.2 netbsd-0-9-base:1.1.1.1 netbsd-0-8:1.1.1.1 netbsd-alpha-1:1.1.1.1 patchkit-0-2-2:1.1.1.1 WFJ-386bsd-01:1.1.1.1 WFJ-920714:1.1.1; locks; strict; comment @# @; 1.13 date 97.06.18.01.28.07; author jtc; state dead; branches; next 1.12; 1.12 date 97.03.18.03.01.37; author mrg; state Exp; branches; next 1.11; 1.11 date 96.12.18.05.22.52; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.10; 1.10 date 96.09.10.22.54.26; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.9; 1.9 date 96.05.13.21.35.33; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.8; 1.8 date 96.03.19.23.19.54; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.7; 1.7 date 96.03.19.18.50.57; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.6; 1.6 date 96.01.08.22.36.49; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.5; 1.5 date 95.09.28.07.35.52; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.4; 1.4 date 95.07.03.21.10.06; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.3; 1.3 date 95.03.08.20.51.13; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.2; 1.2 date 93.11.03.09.56.36; author cgd; state Exp; branches; next 1.1; 1.1 date 93.03.21.09.45.37; author cgd; state Exp; branches 1.1.1.1; next ; 1.1.1.1 date 93.03.21.09.45.37; author cgd; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.2; 1.1.1.2 date 95.03.08.20.41.45; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.3; 1.1.1.3 date 95.07.03.21.06.00; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.4; 1.1.1.4 date 95.09.28.07.33.14; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.5; 1.1.1.5 date 96.01.08.22.34.27; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.6; 1.1.1.6 date 96.03.19.18.49.04; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.7; 1.1.1.7 date 96.03.19.23.17.18; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.8; 1.1.1.8 date 96.05.13.21.28.21; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.9; 1.1.1.9 date 96.09.10.22.51.59; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.10; 1.1.1.10 date 96.12.18.05.21.05; author jtc; state Exp; branches; next 1.1.1.11; 1.1.1.11 date 97.03.18.01.37.01; author mrg; state Exp; branches; next ; desc @@ 1.13 log @Remove datfiles subdirectory, it's a remanent from long ago. @ text @# @@(#)europe 7.42 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to # tz@@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition), # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991). # # Gwillim Law writes that a good source # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries # of the IATA's data after 1990. # # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990, # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. # # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which # I found in the UCLA library. # # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. # Corrections are welcome! # std dst # LMT Local Mean Time # -4:00 AST Atlantic # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow # # See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions. # # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, # Oxford University Press (1980). # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, # Luxembourg, the Netherlands. # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) # ... # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. # ... # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed # in the Directive. ############################################################################### # United Kingdom # The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14. # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): # # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph # of the text said: # # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking # along the towpath within a few yards of it.' # # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. # # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): # # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. # # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), # a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): # # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) # From: Jonathan Leffler # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in # politics making a fortune, not computing. # From Peter Ilieve (1993-09-03): # # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993 # and 1994 are: # Start End # 1993 28 March 24 October # 1994 27 March 23 October # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT. # # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981. # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since. # # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday. # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.) # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by # an Order in Council (a Statutory Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) # to specify the EC specified dates. # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-18): # # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following, # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers, # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60: # # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals # regarding double summer time. # # [two other similar questions omitted] # # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from # Monday, 2nd April.' # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." # From Peter Ilieve (1993-09-03): # # > # Current rules # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT # # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows # what will happen. # # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should # be the end of it. # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-22): # # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all. # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the # summer months'. # # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years. # # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.' # # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts: # # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' # # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of # the Irish Free State, now called Eire. # # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales # was different. # # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then, # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct. # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-28): # # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916. # # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the # sequence would have been: # Dublin London # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once. # # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time. # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-29): # # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom # ever since it first started in 1916. # # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date. # # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April. # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on, # except for wartime double summer time. # # As evidence I would cite: # # - The Summer Time Act, 1916. # # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour. # # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 # # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916. # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1922 # # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament # so approved. # # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel # Islands, and the Isle of Man. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1925 # # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent, # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply. # # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379 # [SR&O == Statutory Regulation and Order] # # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation, # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act, # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883 # # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476 # # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that # England and Wales were indivisible. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506 # # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932 # # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944. # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.) # # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.) # # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968 # # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971. # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all. # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed # measures saying it didn't. # # - The Manx Time Act, 1968 # # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1972 # # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is # 1 hour. # # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968, # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it. # # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes # to 01:00 GMT.) # # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutory Instrument] # # This specifies dates of: # Start End # 1993 28 March 24 October # 1994 27 March 23 October # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.... # # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes # # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' # # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland, # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply # throughout the UK. # # With that, I rest my case Milud :-) # # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter). # From Peter Ilieve (1996-05-29): # I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968. # It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless # an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent. # No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is... # # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27, # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto, # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying # summer time in 1968.... # From Peter Ilieve (1993-11-18) # # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and # all the Acts. # # There are no changes to the dates we already have. # # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone. # # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders. # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all. # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent. # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it # again so they leave it out. # # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)]. # # Peter Ilieve peter@@memex.co.uk # # # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper. # ## Lines like this are comments. # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output # ## Control lines are of the form # ## # ## is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with -- # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot. # ## and are a digit followed bu a month name. # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on . # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71. # ## can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double' # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present. # ## At present double requires fixed as well. # ## and are like the start and end dates, with # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature. # # ## Blank lines are also ignored. # # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ??? # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table. # # # Summer Time Act, 1916 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed # # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them. # # unknown Order or Orders ??? # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722) # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed # # # Summer Time Act, 1922 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ??? # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September # # # Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October # # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939 # 1939 3 April 3 November # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883) # 1940 4 feb 0 none # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476) # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506) # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932) # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul # # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1946 3 April 1 October # # # Summer Time Act, 1947 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948. # # Unknown Order ??? # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc. # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ??? # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ??? # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ??? # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ??? # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed # # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October # # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967. # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967. # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71) # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465) # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81) # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101) # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201) # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148) # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117) # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK # # British Standard Time Act, 1968 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed # # # Summer Time Act, 1972 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October # # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct # # First EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089) # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed # # Second EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673) # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed # # Third EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223) # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # # Fourth EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931) # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed # # Fifth EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985) # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # # Sixth EC Directive # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729) # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # From Peter Ilieve (1994-08-18): # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May.... # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else, # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October. # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only) # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun) # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October # 1996 31 March 27 October # 1997 30 March 26 October # # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-01): # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798) # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC # seventh Summer Time Directive.... # # From Peter Ilieve (1996-04-20): # Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced # by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just # before Easter). # From Peter Ilieve (1994-03-28): # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989, # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun. # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990. # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): # # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. # # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. # It actually just had one transition. # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II. # Actually, it conformed to Britain. # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). # # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful; # we'll ignore them for now. # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to # conform with Great Britain. # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. # # # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # 1916 to 1925--irregular Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above. Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular. Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1950 through start of 1953, regular. Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT # 1954 to 1980, starting rules Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1953 to 1980, ending rules Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT # 1981 on Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT # See EU for rules starting in 1996. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EU GMT/BST Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EU GMT/BST Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 0:00 EU GMT/IST ############################################################################### # Continental Europe # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, # Common Market, etc. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S # Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks. Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. # From Andrey A. Chernov (1993-11-12): # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - # These are for backward compatibility with older versions. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): # The official German names ... are # # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 # # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution # # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" # Postfach 3345 # D-38023 Braunschweig # phone: +49 531 592-0 # # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as # # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 # Albania # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1991 1:00 EU CE%sT # Andorra # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1:00 EU CE%sT # Austria # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT # Belarus # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00 2:00 Russia EE%sT # Belgium # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # From Whitman: Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman. Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT # Bosnia and Herzegovina # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT # Bulgaria # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT # Croatia # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT # Czech Republic # Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 1:00 EU CE%sT # Denmark # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. # # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 0:00 - WET 1981 0:00 EU WE%sT # # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S # # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 -1:00 EU EG%sT Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -3:00 EU WG%sT Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik -4:00 Thule A%sT # Estonia # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... # # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to # summer time next spring.'' # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT # Finland # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. # # From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, # and it's supposed to change at 4am... # # From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994): # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. # Go with Strang instead. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 2:00 EU EE%sT # France # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20. # French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31. # # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. # From Shanks (1991): # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT # Germany # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT # Gibraltar # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1:00 - CET 1982 1:00 EU CE%sT # Greece # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 2:00 EU EE%sT # Hungary # Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1:00 EU CE%sT # Iceland # # From Adam David (1993-11-06): # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. # # (1993-12-05): # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of # Iceland Almanak. # # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. # # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. # # (1993-12-10): # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it # might mean something else (???). # # From Paul Eggert (1993-12-09): # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 0:00 - GMT # Italy # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. # # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri # (1996-03-14) (`FP' # below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication. # When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: # # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino # Latvia # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks. They contradict # IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but # Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year, # so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Latvia 1992 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Latvia 1992 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 Latvia EE%sT # Liechtenstein # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1:00 - CET 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT # Lithuania # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. # Luxembourg # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT # Macedonia # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT # Malta # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT # Moldova # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT # Monaco # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT # Netherlands # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT # Norway # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT # # Svalbard Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen # # Jan Mayen # From Whitman: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT # Poland # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ # # (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. # Stick with W-Eur for now. # Portugal # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. # # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. # # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. # # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 0:00 EU WE%sT Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u -1:00 EU AZO%sT Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT # Romania # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT # Russia # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02): # On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar'' # with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week. # On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the # Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it # reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days # off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month. # (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_) # # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations, # and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991. # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA. # # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. # # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. # # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2:00 Poland CET 1946 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994 # IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change. 2:00 Russia EE%sT Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time 4:00 Russia SAM%sT Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 6:00 Russia OMS%sT # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! # I do not know why they have decided to make this change; # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 6:00 Russia NOV%sT Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRA%sT Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 8:00 Russia IRK%sT Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YAK%sT Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 10:00 Russia VLA%sT Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MAG%sT # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia PET%sT Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 13:00 Russia ANA%sT # Slovakia Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava # Slovenia # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT # Spain # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 1:00 EU CE%sT Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 0:00 - WET 1924 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 1:00 - CET 1986 1:00 EU CE%sT Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. # Sweden # From: msb@@sq.com (Mark Brader) : # # In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden # decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of # those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap # year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar # different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years. # # However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through; # they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712 # they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that # year!... # # Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner, # getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule. # # (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers # produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia" # by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och # kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).) # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 1:00 - CET 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT # Switzerland # From Howse (1988), p 82: # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - # From Shanks (1991): Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT # Turkey # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 EU EE%sT Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. # Ukraine # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT Rule Crimea 1996 max - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 - Rule Crimea 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996 2:00 EU EE%sT Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s # From Paul Eggert (1996-10-21): # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. # For now, guess it changed Feb 1. 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb # From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD # Yugoslavia # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT ############################################################################### # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. # # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) # ... # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@@cgcha.uucp> # ... # # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following # years... # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. # # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the # Soviet Union (as far as I know). # # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, # 4002 Basle, Switzerland # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho # ... # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) # ... # # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. # # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch # dates... # # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours # in advance of normal time. # # ... # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland # INTERNET : dik@@cwi.nl # BITNET/EARN: dik@@mcvax # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): # ... # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). # Since 1978. Change at midnight. # ... # Monaco: has same DST as France. # ... # ... # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST # From: Peter Ilieve # ... # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October. # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994, # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath. # # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981. @ 1.12 log @merge tzdata1997d @ text @@ 1.11 log @sync with tzdata96m @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.41 d81 1 a81 1 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude d89 1 a89 1 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should d170 1 a170 1 # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) d330 1 a330 1 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order] d406 1 a406 1 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument] d1301 1 a1301 1 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. d1822 9 a1830 3 # From Shanks (1991): # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted # a 6 day week; on 1940-06-27 it returned to the Gregorian week. d1891 1 a1891 1 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk TIme d2143 1 a2143 1 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean TIme @ 1.10 log @sync with tzdata96k @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.39 d7 1 a7 1 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): d11 9 a19 1 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below. d38 1 d46 1 a46 1 # From Peter Ilieve (December 4, 1994), d73 1 a73 1 # From Peter Ilieve (July 6, 1994): d94 1 a94 1 # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): d135 1 a135 1 # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989): d146 1 a146 1 # From Peter Ilieve (September 3, 1993): d173 1 a173 1 # From Peter Ilieve (October 18, 1993): d201 1 a201 1 # From Peter Ilieve (September 3, 1993): d225 1 a225 1 # From Peter Ilieve (October 22, 1993): d258 1 a258 1 # From Peter Ilieve (October 28, 1993): d281 1 a281 1 # From Peter Ilieve (October 29, 1993): d450 1 a450 1 # From Peter Ilieve (November 18, 1993) d615 1 a615 1 # From Peter Ilieve (August 18, 1994): d638 1 a638 1 # From Peter Ilieve (March 28, 1994): d838 8 d856 1 a856 1 # From Andrew A. Chernov (November 12, 1993): d863 7 a869 2 Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S d938 2 a939 1 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT d970 1 a970 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow Time d972 1 a972 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d974 3 a976 1 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1049 2 a1050 1 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1106 15 a1120 1 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 d1123 2 a1124 2 -1:00 C-Eur EG%sT Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 d1126 3 a1128 3 -3:00 C-Eur WG%sT Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -4:00 - AST d1135 10 d1151 1 a1151 1 3:00 - MOST 1941 Sep 15 # Moscow Time d1153 1 a1153 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s d1337 1 a1337 1 # From Adam David (November 6, 1993): d1340 1 a1340 1 # (December 5, 1993): d1354 1 a1354 1 # (December 10, 1993): d1364 1 a1364 1 # From Paul Eggert (December 9, 1993): d1471 8 d1487 1 a1487 1 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jul # Moscow Time d1489 1 a1489 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d1491 1 a1491 1 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1507 1 a1507 1 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jun 24 # Moscow Time d1509 1 a1509 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d1512 3 d1581 1 a1581 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Moscow Time d1583 1 a1583 1 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1695 4 d1702 17 d1786 1 a1786 7 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (November 12, 1992): # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 0:00 EU WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. a1788 3 # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores, # so we'll just use Shanks for now. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] d1793 3 a1795 1 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT d1811 2 d1817 3 a1819 1 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1826 27 a1852 7 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): # Moscow rules after 1991 are from Andrew A. Chernov . # I invented the time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little. # The rest is from Shanks. # # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] d1855 1 a1855 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow TIme d1857 1 a1857 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d1860 2 a1861 2 3:00 Russia MOS%sT Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 d1865 2 a1866 2 3:00 - KUYT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 4:00 Russia KUY%sT d1879 1 a1879 1 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (June 29, 1994): d2018 2 d2130 2 a2131 1 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d2158 2 d2164 3 a2166 2 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1990 Jul 17 # Moscow Time 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d2170 1 a2170 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d2172 8 a2179 6 # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections. # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27. 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 3:00 Russia MOS%sT d2258 1 a2258 1 # From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988): @ 1.9 log @sync with tzdata96h @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.37 d7 1 a7 1 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): d19 1 a19 1 # The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome! a21 1 # LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'') d23 2 a24 5 # -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland* # -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland* # -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland* # -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries* # -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)* d26 4 a29 16 # 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe # 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe # 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow # 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)* # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)* # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)* # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)* # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00) # 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00) # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)* # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)* # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)* # 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)* # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)* # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)* d31 1 a31 1 # See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions. a36 3 # From Andrew A. Chernov (November 12, 1993): # LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya''). d58 1 d62 1 d111 15 d186 6 d425 16 d640 1 a640 1 # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): d660 3 d664 2 a665 2 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; # we'll ignore it for now. d669 2 d674 8 d717 1 a717 1 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST d719 1 a719 1 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST d722 1 a722 1 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST d728 1 a728 1 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST d746 1 d750 1 a750 2 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT d760 2 a761 2 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00 d766 3 a768 3 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 d773 4 a776 3 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 d778 1 a778 1 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 d780 4 a783 4 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EU GMT/BST d793 1 a793 1 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST" d797 1 a797 1 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST" d801 1 a801 1 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST" d805 1 a805 1 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" d808 7 a814 7 # Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time. Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d816 4 a819 4 Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d821 17 a837 17 Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D d841 7 a847 7 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D d852 30 a881 5 Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s # Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time a882 1 Link MET CET d886 1 a886 1 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST" d888 1 a888 1 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST" d890 1 a890 1 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" d892 1 a892 1 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d894 1 a894 1 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" d896 1 a896 1 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST" d898 1 a898 1 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST" d900 1 a900 1 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST" d902 1 a902 1 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" d904 1 a904 1 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" d906 1 a906 1 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" d908 1 a908 1 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" d910 1 a910 1 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d914 3 a916 4 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00 1:00 W-Eur MET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d922 2 a923 2 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1:00 EU MET%s d927 1 a927 1 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d929 1 a929 1 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d931 1 a931 1 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d933 2 a934 2 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d937 5 a941 5 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981 1:00 EU MET%s d946 2 a947 2 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct d949 3 a951 4 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d957 1 a957 1 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d960 1 a960 1 Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d963 1 a963 1 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d966 7 a972 7 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d974 7 a980 7 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d982 1 a982 1 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d984 2 a985 2 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d987 1 a987 1 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d989 1 a989 1 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d993 1 a993 1 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00 d995 5 a999 5 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s a1001 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. d1004 5 a1008 5 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s a1010 2 # Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14; # the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17. d1012 1 a1012 1 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1014 1 a1014 1 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1019 1 a1019 1 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30 d1021 1 a1021 1 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00 d1023 2 a1024 3 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. a1026 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. d1029 5 a1033 5 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s d1036 1 d1038 1 a1038 1 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1040 1 a1040 1 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1042 3 a1044 3 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1047 4 a1050 4 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979 1:00 EU MET%s d1053 1 d1055 1 a1055 1 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1057 2 a1058 2 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1060 1 a1060 1 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1062 1 a1062 1 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1064 1 a1064 1 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1072 5 a1076 5 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s d1079 1 a1079 1 0:00 EU WET%s d1081 3 a1083 3 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s d1086 1 a1086 1 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s a1090 2 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. # d1097 3 a1099 3 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul 1:39 - LST 1921 May d1101 5 a1105 6 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d1108 1 d1119 1 a1119 1 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1123 3 a1125 3 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 2:00 EU EET%s d1128 3 d1134 1 a1134 1 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1136 4 a1139 4 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1141 1 a1141 1 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1143 1 a1143 1 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1145 17 a1161 17 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1163 1 a1163 1 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST" d1166 9 a1174 9 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST" d1176 1 a1176 1 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1185 5 a1189 5 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s d1192 1 d1194 3 a1196 3 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST" d1198 1 a1198 1 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1201 5 a1205 5 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1208 3 a1210 3 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s d1216 2 a1217 2 1:00 - MET 1982 1:00 EU MET%s a1219 3 # They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846. # Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28. # The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18. d1222 1 a1222 1 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1225 1 a1225 1 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1228 1 a1228 1 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1231 1 a1231 1 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1233 1 a1233 1 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1235 1 a1235 1 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1237 1 a1237 1 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1240 1 a1240 1 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST" d1242 1 a1242 1 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1246 5 a1250 5 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981; d1252 1 a1252 1 2:00 EU EET%s d1255 1 d1257 1 a1257 1 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST" d1259 1 a1259 1 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST" d1261 1 a1261 1 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST" d1263 1 a1263 1 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1265 1 a1265 1 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1267 2 a1268 2 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1270 1 a1270 1 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1272 1 a1272 1 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1274 1 a1274 1 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST" d1276 1 a1276 1 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" d1279 5 a1283 5 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1:00 EU MET%s d1312 1 a1312 2 # might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced # in Iceland until 1700. d1320 11 a1330 11 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S d1332 2 a1333 2 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S d1335 1 a1335 1 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D d1337 3 a1339 3 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S d1342 2 a1343 2 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s d1347 2 d1351 2 a1352 2 # (see `FP' below), # taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute. d1355 1 a1355 1 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: d1366 1 a1366 1 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur) d1373 1 a1373 1 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1375 1 a1375 1 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1377 1 a1377 1 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1379 2 a1380 2 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1382 1 a1382 1 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1384 1 a1384 1 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST" d1386 1 a1386 1 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1388 1 a1388 1 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1390 1 a1390 1 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1392 1 a1392 1 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1394 2 a1395 2 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1397 1 a1397 1 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1400 1 a1400 1 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1402 2 a1403 2 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1405 2 a1406 2 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1411 5 a1415 5 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s a1420 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. d1423 5 a1427 4 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11 d1429 5 a1433 6 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d1438 2 a1439 2 1:00 - MET 1981 1:00 EU MET%s a1441 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. d1444 3 a1446 3 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12 d1448 6 a1453 7 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d1458 1 a1458 1 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1460 1 a1460 1 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1462 1 a1462 1 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1464 1 a1464 1 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1466 1 a1466 1 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1468 1 a1468 1 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1470 1 a1470 1 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1472 1 a1472 1 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1474 1 a1474 1 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1476 5 a1480 5 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1483 6 a1488 6 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s a1490 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. d1493 5 a1497 5 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s d1501 1 a1501 1 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1503 1 a1503 1 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1505 1 a1505 1 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST" d1507 1 a1507 1 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" d1510 5 a1514 5 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981 1:00 EU MET%s a1516 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18. d1520 3 a1522 4 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d1529 3 a1531 3 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s d1538 2 a1539 2 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT d1547 1 a1547 1 Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT d1557 2 d1560 2 a1561 2 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1567 4 a1570 4 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977 1:00 EU MET%s d1573 1 d1576 1 a1576 1 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST" d1579 1 a1579 1 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1582 1 a1582 1 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1584 1 a1584 1 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1586 1 a1586 1 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1589 7 a1595 5 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980 1:00 EU MET%s # Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo. d1597 1 a1602 2 # Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar # on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14. d1605 1 a1605 1 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1609 1 a1609 1 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1611 1 a1611 1 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1613 1 a1613 1 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1615 1 a1615 1 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1617 1 a1617 1 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST" d1619 2 a1620 2 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST" d1622 2 a1623 2 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST" d1627 7 a1633 8 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1:00 W-Eur MET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d1636 1 d1638 1 a1638 1 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1641 1 a1641 1 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1643 5 a1647 5 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1649 1 a1649 1 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1651 4 a1654 4 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1657 1 a1657 1 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1659 1 a1659 1 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1663 2 a1664 2 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1666 3 a1668 3 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1671 1 a1671 1 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1674 4 a1677 4 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST" d1679 4 a1682 4 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1684 1 a1684 1 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1688 1 a1688 1 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1690 1 a1690 1 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1692 1 a1692 1 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1695 3 a1697 3 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" d1700 4 a1703 5 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s d1707 1 a1707 1 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u d1711 2 a1712 2 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u 0:00 EU WET%s d1718 3 a1720 4 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s d1723 3 a1725 4 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EU WET%s a1727 2 # Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on # on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18. d1729 1 a1729 1 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1731 2 a1732 2 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1734 1 a1734 1 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1738 3 a1740 4 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d1743 7 a1749 4 # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): # Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991, # are from Andrew A. Chernov . # I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) a1752 5 # From Shanks (1991): # Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar # on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18. # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted # a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week. d1755 2 a1756 2 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct d1758 2 a1759 2 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s d1761 1 a1761 1 3:00 Russia MS%s d1763 5 a1767 5 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 4:00 Russia KS%s d1769 5 a1773 5 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk d1775 5 a1779 5 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 6:00 Russia OS%s d1786 7 a1792 7 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 6:00 Russia NS%s d1794 5 a1798 5 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRS%s d1800 6 a1805 6 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 8:00 Russia IS%s d1807 5 a1811 5 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YS%s d1813 6 a1818 6 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 10:00 Russia VS%s d1820 5 a1824 5 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MS%s d1827 5 a1831 5 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia PS%s d1833 5 a1837 5 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 13:00 Russia AS%s a1842 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. d1845 5 a1849 5 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s d1852 1 d1855 1 a1855 1 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1857 2 a1858 2 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1860 1 a1860 1 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1863 1 a1863 1 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1866 3 a1868 3 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1870 1 a1870 1 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1872 3 a1874 3 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" d1876 6 a1881 6 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST" d1883 1 a1883 1 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1885 1 a1885 1 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1887 1 a1887 1 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1889 1 a1889 1 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST" d1891 10 d1903 11 a1913 3 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979 1:00 EU MET%s d1915 1 a1915 1 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 d1917 2 a1918 2 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 0:00 EU WET%s d1921 22 d1945 5 a1949 5 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 1:00 - MET 1980 1:00 EU MET%s d1958 1 a1958 1 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1961 1 a1961 1 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST" d1965 3 a1967 3 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981 1:00 EU MET%s a1969 2 # European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908. # Asian Turkey switched in 1914. d1971 1 a1971 1 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1973 1 a1973 1 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1975 1 a1975 1 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1977 1 a1977 1 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1980 1 a1980 1 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1982 1 a1982 1 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1984 1 a1984 1 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1986 1 a1986 1 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1988 1 a1988 1 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1991 1 a1991 1 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1993 1 a1993 1 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1995 1 a1995 1 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1997 3 a1999 3 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2001 1 a2001 1 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2003 1 a2003 1 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2005 1 a2005 1 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2007 1 a2007 1 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST" d2009 1 a2009 1 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" d2011 1 a2011 1 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2013 2 a2014 2 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2016 1 a2016 1 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST" d2018 2 a2019 2 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2021 1 a2021 1 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST" d2025 5 a2029 6 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d2034 22 a2055 6 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - d2058 1 a2058 2 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 d2060 2 a2061 3 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EU' soon. d2063 1 a2063 2 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 d2065 2 a2066 2 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s d2071 2 a2072 2 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 3:00 Russia MS%s a2074 1 # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. d2077 5 a2081 5 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EU MET%s @ 1.8 log @sync with tzdata96e @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.33 d39 1 a39 1 # 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk (was 6:00)* d603 5 a649 1 Rule GB-Eire 1847 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 GMT d723 1 a723 1 # See EC for rules starting in 1996. d730 1 a730 1 0:00 EC GMT/BST d737 1 a737 1 0:00 EC GMT/BST d749 1 a749 1 0:00 EC GMT/BST d755 2 a756 1 # EC rules are for the European Community. d759 6 a764 7 Rule EC 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - Rule EC 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EC 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EC 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - Rule EC 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EC 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EC 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - d766 1 a766 2 # W-Eur differs from EC only in that W-Eur uses standard time. Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - d775 1 a775 2 # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EC only in that M-Eur uses standard time. Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - d781 1 a781 5 # Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman. Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Oct 5 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" a795 1 Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - d818 1 a818 1 Zone WET 0:00 EC WET%s d820 1 a820 1 Zone EET 2:00 EC EET%s d859 1 a859 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. d866 1 a866 1 1:00 EC MET%s a869 1 Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 - d884 1 a884 1 1:00 EC MET%s d895 1 a895 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. d943 1 a943 1 1:00 EC MET%s d953 1 a953 1 1:00 EC MET%s d972 1 a972 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. d982 1 a982 1 1:00 EC MET%s a985 1 Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - d998 1 a998 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1023 1 a1023 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1026 1 a1026 1 0:00 EC WET%s d1055 1 a1055 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. a1067 1 Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 - d1074 1 a1074 1 2:00 EC EET%s a1079 1 Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - d1135 1 a1135 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1155 1 a1155 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1162 1 a1162 1 1:00 EC MET%s a1168 1 Rule Greece 1916 only - July 28 0:01 0 - d1199 2 a1200 2 # go with EC intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 2:00 EC EET%s d1204 2 a1205 1 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 - d1226 1 a1226 1 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul d1230 1 a1230 1 1:00 EC MET%s a1267 1 Rule Iceland 1908 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S d1295 23 a1318 2 Rule Italy 1893 only - Nov 1 0:00s 0 S # Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman. d1320 2 a1321 2 Rule Italy 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1323 1 a1323 1 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1325 5 a1329 5 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 0:00s 1:00 " DST" # Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman. Rule Italy 1920 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" d1331 1 a1331 1 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 17 0:00 0 - d1359 1 a1359 1 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s d1361 1 a1361 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1380 1 a1380 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. d1386 1 a1386 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1402 1 a1402 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. a1406 1 Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 - d1437 1 a1437 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1447 1 a1447 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1464 1 a1464 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1474 1 a1474 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. d1483 1 a1483 1 1:00 EC MET%s a1488 1 Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT d1520 1 a1520 1 1:00 EC MET%s a1523 1 Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 - d1541 1 a1541 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1582 1 a1582 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. a1585 1 Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 - d1652 1 a1652 1 0:00 EC WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s d1656 1 a1656 1 1:00 EC MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u d1661 1 a1661 1 0:00 EC WET%s d1676 1 a1676 1 0:00 EC WET%s a1681 1 Rule Romania 1931 only - Jul 24 0:00 0 - d1694 1 a1694 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. a1740 1 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow. d1749 6 a1754 6 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:52 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - TSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia TS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 TSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - TSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia TS%s d1806 1 a1806 1 1:00 EC MET%s a1809 1 Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - d1851 1 a1851 1 1:00 EC MET%s d1856 1 a1856 1 0:00 EC WET%s d1865 1 a1865 1 1:00 EC MET%s a1872 1 Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 - d1883 1 a1883 1 1:00 EC MET%s a1888 1 Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - d1948 1 a1948 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. d1966 1 a1966 1 # This may change to `EC' soon. d1988 1 a1988 1 1:00 EC MET%s @ 1.7 log @sync with tzdata96d @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.32 d1651 1 a1651 1 0:00 - "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u @ 1.6 log @sync with tzdata96a @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.31 d1647 6 a1652 1 1:00 EC MET%s @ 1.5 log @sync with tzdata95i @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.17 d7 1 a7 1 # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): d35 11 a45 11 # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev* # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg* # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk* # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00 until 1994) # 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk* # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk* # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk* # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok* # 11:00 GSK GSD Magadan* # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski* # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr* d57 1 a57 1 # The original six [EU members]: Belguim, France, (West) Germany, Italy, d68 2 a69 3 # The only [current nonmember using EU rules] I can speak for is Estonia, # which uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. I don't # think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. d605 2 a606 2 # The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of # Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. a896 1 # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): A guess at recent dates: d898 2 a899 2 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MS%s a1128 5 # From Paul Eggert @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.6 d3 3 a5 6 # International country codes are used to identify countries' rules and # zones # # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, go # ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to # ado@@ncifcrf.gov for general use in the future). d7 1 d11 66 d82 1 a82 1 # From Peter Ilieve (peter@@memex.co.uk) (July 4, 1989) d84 44 a127 116 # From the UK Government paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" # (HMSO Cm722 June 1989), which is about the possibility of the UK moving # into the central European timezone and synchronising its summer time with # the rest of Europe (by moving the end date back a month to end Sep., # the start dates are already the same). # # Summer time was not observed before 1916. # It was introduced in the First World War in response to its introduction # by Germany in March 1916. # During the Second World War normal summer time was used in Winter and double # summer time was used in Summer. # Between 1968 and 1971 GMT+1 was used all year as an experiment. # This caused voluble objections in Scotland and the experiment was judged # a failure. # # Although it does not say what happens in Europe, it does say that most # of Europe did not use summer time until 1979, presumably dropping it # after the 1st and/or 2nd war. # # Note that this is not necessarily accurate for Eire. # # The paper gives a complete record of dates from 1916, and dates up to 1992. # The intention is to have the new system, if any, start in 1993. # The dates are (copied exactly from the table in the paper): # # Summer Time Double Summer Time # Year Start End Start End # 1916 21 May 1 October # 1917 8 April 17 September # 1918 24 March 30 September # 1919 30 March 29 September # 1920 28 March 25 October # (extended from # 27 Sep. because # of coal strike) # # 1921 3 April 3 October # 1922 26 March 8 October # 1923 22 April 16 September # 1924 13 April 21 September # 1925 to 3rd Sunday 1st Sunday # 1938 in April in October # # 1939 16 April 19 November # 1940 25 February continued # 1941 continued continued 4 May 10 August # 1942 continued continued 5 April 9 August # 1943 continued continued 4 April 15 August # 1944 continued continued 2 April 17 September # 1945 continued 7 October 2 April 15 July # # 1946 14 April 6 October # 1947 16 March 2 November 13 April 10 August # 1948 14 March 31 October # 1949 3 April 30 October # 1950 16 April 22 October # 1951 15 April 21 October # 1952 20 April 26 October # # 1953 19 April 4 October # 1954 11 April 3 October # 1955 17 April 2 October # 1956 15 April 7 October # 1957 14 April 6 October # 1958 20 April 5 October # 1959 19 April 4 October # 1960 10 April 2 October # # 1961 26 March 29 October # 1962 25 March 28 October # 1963 31 March 27 October # 1964 22 March 25 October # 1965 21 March 24 October # 1966 20 March 23 October # 1967 19 March 29 October # # 1968 18 February continued # 1969 continued continued # 1970 continued continued # 1971 continued 31 October # 1972 19 March 29 October # 1973 18 March 28 October # 1974 17 March 27 October # # 1975 16 March 26 October # 1976 21 March 24 October # 1977 20 March 23 October # 1978 19 March 29 October # 1979 18 March 28 October # 1980 16 March 26 October # 1981 29 March 25 October # # 1982 28 March 24 October # 1983 27 March 23 October # 1984 25 March 28 October # 1985 31 March 27 October # 1986 30 March 26 October # 1987 29 March 25 October # 1988 27 March 23 October # # 1989 26 March 29 October # 1990 25 March 28 October # 1991 31 March 27 October # 1992 29 March 25 October # # These dates agree with the ones from Whitaker's Almanac for 1960--87. . . # From Paul Eggert (October 14, 1993) # # I changed the date `30 April 1924' to `13 April 1924' in the above table # to fix what must be transcription error, since 30 April is not a Sunday, # and Shanks gives 13 April which is a Sunday. # # The rules for Eire below are taken from Shanks, and reflect his claim that # Eire changed the clock twice on 1 Oct 1916. I invented `IST' and `IDT' as # abbreviations for Eire's standard and daylight time before 1 Oct 1916. a133 14 # From an Anonymous U. K. Donor (January 4, 1989): # # It is NOT possible to predict when [British Summer Time] will change # in a future year. # # (The admiralty calculate when they think it should be (no more that a couple # of years in advance) and advise the government who then decide whether or # not they will take the admiralty's advice) # # ...the Gre[e]nwich...observatory...[was] very helpful. # # I was not able to track down the Admiralty formula (I tried hard but failed) # ... a135 1 # ... d140 1 a140 1 # From Peter Ilieve (peter@@memex.co.uk) (September 3, 1993) a141 2 # I have some more up to date info. # d147 1 a147 1 # Start End d151 1 a151 1 # d155 1 a155 1 # a165 9 # # Your comment in the tables about UK starting double summer time on a Monday # in 1945 prompted me to ask the Home Office about this. They didn't really # know (there was a war on at the time and summer time was specified by # Defence Regulations, different department, long time ago, etc.), but it was # listed as 2 April in a previous consultation paper from 1970 so if it is # a typo it was in that paper or before and was just copied into the 1989 # paper. I have a few other avenues to explore on this and will let you know # the outcome. d167 23 a189 1 # From Peter Ilieve (peter@@memex.co.uk) (September 3, 1993) d194 1 a194 1 # d203 1 a203 1 # d213 432 d646 1 d649 2 a650 2 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST d656 1 a656 1 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 2:00 BST d658 2 a659 2 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT d661 3 a663 3 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr 22 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 GMT d665 13 a677 4 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Sep 21 2:00s 0 GMT # 1925 to 1939 start--regular Rule GB-Eire 1925 1939 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT d681 8 a688 12 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May 4 2:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - Aug 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1942 only - Apr 5 2:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1942 only - Aug 9 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1943 only - Apr 4 2:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1943 only - Aug 15 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 1:00 BST # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945? Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT d690 1 a690 1 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT d692 3 a694 3 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 2:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT d697 2 a698 3 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT d704 3 a706 1 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1959 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST d714 1 a714 1 Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT d716 32 a747 20 # Current rules Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES/SAVE FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone GB 0:00 - GMT 1916 May 21 2:00s 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00s 0:00 GB-Eire %s Zone Eire -0:25 - IST 1916 May 21 2:00 -0:25 1:00 IDT 1916 Oct 1 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00s 0:00 GB-Eire %s d753 1 a753 2 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - d755 44 a798 2 Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - d800 28 a827 19 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 3:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Sep lastSun 3:00s 0 - Rule Turkey 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1981 max - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule W-SU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-SU 1981 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES/SAVE FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone WET 0:00 W-Eur WET%s Zone Iceland 0:00 - WET Zone Portugal 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s Zone Poland 1:00 W-Eur MET%s Zone EET 2:00 E-Eur EET%s Zone Turkey 3:00 Turkey EET%s Zone W-SU 3:00 M-Eur ???? d833 1153 a2061 11 # Date: Thu, 12 Nov 92 16:57:37 +0100 # From: rps@@inescca.inescc.pt (Rui Pedro Salgueiro) # ... # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. # I have made this description: # # Zone Portugal 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s # 1:00 M-Eur MET%s # ... d2075 1 a2075 1 # @ 1.1 log @Initial revision @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 4.10 d10 4 d18 119 a138 6 # The starting and ending dates below (from which the rules are derived) # are from Whitaker's Almanack for 1987, page 146. # 1960 is the earliest year for which dates are given; # Whitaker's notes that British Summer Time (and, in some years, Double Summer # Time) was observed in earlier years but does not give start and end dates. # a140 27 # 1960 April 10 October 2 (yes, 2, according to the almanac) # 1961 March 26 October 29 # 1962 March 25 October 28 # 1963 March 31 October 27 # 1964 March 22 October 25 # 1965 March 21 October 24 # 1966 March 20 October 23 # 1967 March 19 October 29 # 1968 February 18 October 27 # "British Standard Time, also one hour ahead of G. M. T., was kept between # 1968 Oct. 27-1971 Oct. 31." # 1972 March 19 October 29 # 1973 March 18 October 28 # 1974 March 17 October 27 # 1975 March 16 October 26 # 1976 March 21 October 24 # 1977 March 20 October 23 # 1978 March 19 October 29 # 1979 March 18 October 28 # 1980 March 16 October 26 # 1981 March 29 October 25 # 1982 March 28 October 24 # 1983 March 27 October 23 # 1984 March 25 October 28 # 1985 March 31 October 27 # 1986 March 30 October 26 # 1987 March 29 October 25 d146 1 a146 1 # d148 1 a148 1 # of years in advance) and advise the government who then decide whether or d150 1 a150 1 # d152 1 a152 1 # d162 2 d165 1 a165 8 # Summer time ends on Sunday 29 October 1989. # ... # Date: 5 Jan 89 09:50:38 GMT (Thu) # From: Peter Kendell # ... # # From my Collins Diary for 1989 - d167 33 a199 6 # "At the time of going to press the Home Office was unable to confirm # the 1989 starting and finishing dates for BST*, but expressed the # view that 26 March and 29 October were the likeliest dates to be # adopted" # # *British Summer Time. d201 1 a201 1 # From an Anonymous U. K. Donor (January 5, 1989): d203 21 a223 4 # . . .our government is seriously considering applying Double Summer Time - # putting the clocks forwards and back TWO hours for daylight saving time. # This is advocated to standardise time in the EEC - we're all supposed to # keep the same time and to change the clocks on the same dates in the future. d226 63 a288 10 # Historic starting rules Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST # Historic ending rules Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Oct 2 1:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 1:00s 0 GMT d291 1 a291 1 Rule GB-Eire 1972 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT d294 14 a307 2 Zone GB-Eire 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 1:00s 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 1:00s d314 2 a315 4 # The use of 1986 as starting years below is conservative. Rule W-Eur 1986 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-Eur 1986 max - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - d317 2 a318 2 Rule M-Eur 1986 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1986 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - d320 2 a321 2 Rule E-Eur 1986 max - Mar lastSun 3:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule E-Eur 1986 max - Sep lastSun 3:00s 0 - d323 2 a324 2 Rule Turkey 1986 max - Mar lastSun 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1986 max - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - d326 2 a327 2 Rule W-SU 1986 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-SU 1986 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - d332 2 d362 1 a362 1 # d369 3 a371 3 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep d373 1 a373 1 # d375 2 a376 2 # Soviet Union (as far as I know). # d385 1 a385 1 # d389 1 a389 1 # d397 1 a397 1 # d406 1 a406 1 # d419 29 @ 1.1.1.1 log @initial import of 386bsd-0.1 sources @ text @@ 1.1.1.2 log @updated timezone files from ado @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.17 d3 2 a4 9 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to # tz@@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition), # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991). # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below. d6 3 a8 64 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which # I found in the UCLA library. # # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. # The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome! # std dst # LMT Local Mean Time # LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'') # -4:00 AST Atlantic # -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland* # -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland* # -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland* # -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries* # -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)* # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer # 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe # 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe # 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow # 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)* # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev* # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg* # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk* # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00 until 1994) # 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk* # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk* # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk* # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok* # 11:00 GSK GSD Magadan* # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski* # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr* # # See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions. # # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, # Oxford University Press (1980). # From Andrew A. Chernov (November 12, 1993): # LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya''). # From Peter Ilieve (December 4, 1994), # The original six [EU members]: Belguim, France, (West) Germany, Italy, # Luxembourg, the Netherlands. # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) # ... # The only [current nonmember using EU rules] I can speak for is Estonia, # which uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. I don't # think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. # ... # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed # in the Directive. d14 1 a14 1 # From Peter Ilieve (July 6, 1994): d16 5 a20 46 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph # of the text said: # # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking # along the towpath within a few yards of it.' # # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. # # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): # # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. # # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. # From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989): d24 40 d65 1 d68 1 a71 12 # From Peter Ilieve (September 3, 1993): # # Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation # exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift # (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the # Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993 # and 1994 are: # Start End # 1993 28 March 24 October # 1994 27 March 23 October # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT. d73 1 a73 14 # There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981. # The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT # as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since. # # I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the # Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order # in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day # after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in # which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday. # It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday # in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.) # This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by # an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) # to specify the EC specified dates. d75 40 a114 581 # From Peter Ilieve (October 18, 1993): # # My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department # accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following, # from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers, # 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60: # # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals # regarding double summer time. # # [two other similar questions omitted] # # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from # Monday, 2nd April.' # From Peter Ilieve (September 3, 1993): # # > # Current rules # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST # > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT # # The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth # Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't # followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then # and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with # the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time # Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history # and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows # what will happen. # # There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another # attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start # asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically # state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want # common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone # and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap # summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should # be the end of it. # From Peter Ilieve (October 22, 1993): # # I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all. # It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland # being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the # summer months'. # # It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever # dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years. # # Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it # applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references # to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.' # # Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote # from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts: # # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' # # She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of # the Irish Free State, now called Eire. # # The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert # that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales # was different. # # It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then, # and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct. # From Peter Ilieve (October 28, 1993): # # I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of # the Time (Ireland) Act 1916. # # It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time # for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great # Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time # Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would # have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the # sequence would have been: # Dublin London # 02:34 DST 02:59 BST # 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT # 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT # 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT # with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once. # # In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the # Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source # of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed # also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time. # From Peter Ilieve (October 29, 1993): # # My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin # Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom # ever since it first started in 1916. # # The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from # 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date. # # The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation # Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a # change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail # and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April. # The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on, # except for wartime double summer time. # # As evidence I would cite: # # - The Summer Time Act, 1916. # # This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of # 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the # times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour. # # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 # # This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916. # It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 # that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least # from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1922 # # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament # so approved. # # It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel # Islands, and the Isle of Man. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1925 # # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the # day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent, # so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply. # # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379 # [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order] # # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. # It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. # It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation, # which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act, # 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883 # # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. # It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476 # # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, # which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about # consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part # `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as # if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and # 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) # Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section # for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board # for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that # England and Wales were indivisible. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506 # # This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first # Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent. # # - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, # 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932 # # This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944. # (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost # certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.) # # (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945 # and the Summer Time Act, 1947.) # # - The British Standard Time Act, 1968 # # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout # the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971. # There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all. # It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it # applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed # measures saying it didn't. # # - The Manx Time Act, 1968 # # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. # # - The Summer Time Act, 1972 # # This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is # 1 hour. # # It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968, # applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the # Isle of Man if they don't do something about it. # # (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to # harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes # to 01:00 GMT.) # # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument] # # This specifies dates of: # Start End # 1993 28 March 24 October # 1994 27 March 23 October # All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.... # # - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes # # `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie # to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. # [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since # 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, # but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' # # So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland, # the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any # part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply # throughout the UK. # # With that, I rest my case Milud :-) # # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out # the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter). # From Peter Ilieve (November 18, 1993) # # Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent # before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and # all the Acts. # # There are no changes to the dates we already have. # # My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order # does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a # different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed # before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone. # # I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders. # The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time # Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in # italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all. # I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the # end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent. # They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it # again so they leave it out. # # It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript # showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in # place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government # paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)]. # # Peter Ilieve peter@@memex.co.uk # # # ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates # ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper. # ## Lines like this are comments. # ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output # ## Control lines are of the form # ## # ## is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with -- # ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot. # ## and are a digit followed bu a month name. # ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on . # ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71. # ## can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double' # ## to indicate double summer time dates are present. # ## At present double requires fixed as well. # ## and are like the start and end dates, with # ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature. # # ## Blank lines are also ignored. # # ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates # ## against the Act or Order, are marked ??? # ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table. # # # Summer Time Act, 1916 # 1916 21 May 1 October fixed # # ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them. # # unknown Order or Orders ??? # 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed # 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed # 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed # # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722) # 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed # 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed # # # Summer Time Act, 1922 # # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ??? # 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed # 1923-1924 3 April 3 September # # # Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1925--1938 3 April 1 October # # # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939 # 1939 3 April 3 November # # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883) # 1940 4 feb 0 none # # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476) # 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug # # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506) # 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug # 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug # # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932) # 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep # # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945 # 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul # # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1946 3 April 1 October # # # Summer Time Act, 1947 # # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time # 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug # ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948. # # Unknown Order ??? # 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed # ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the # ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc. # # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ??? # 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ??? # 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ??? # 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ??? # 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed # # # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 # 1953--1960 3 April 1 October # # ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday # ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967. # ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967. # # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71) # 1961 26 March 29 October fixed # # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465) # 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81) # 1963 31 March 27 October fixed # # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101) # 1964 22 March 25 October fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201) # 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed # 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed # 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed # # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148) # # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man # # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117) # # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK # # British Standard Time Act, 1968 # 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed # 1969--1970 0 none 0 none # 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed # # # Summer Time Act, 1972 # 1972-1980 3 March 4 October # # # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct # # First EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089) # 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed # # Second EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673) # 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed # # Third EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223) # 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed # 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # # Fourth EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931) # 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed # # Fifth EC Directive ??? # # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985) # 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed # 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed # 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed # # Sixth EC Directive # # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729) # 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed # 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed # From Peter Ilieve (August 18, 1994): # I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements # (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May.... # The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year # that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else, # and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October. # Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only) # (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun) # 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October # 1996 31 March 27 October # 1997 30 March 26 October # # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-01): # The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for # 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798) # came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC # seventh Summer Time Directive.... # From Peter Ilieve (March 28, 1994): # The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of # Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. # The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989, # when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order # for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC # directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC # directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun. # To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule # of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990. # From Paul Eggert (November 18, 1993): # # As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. # # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. # It actually just had one transition. # * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II. # Actually, it conformed to Britain. # # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; # we'll ignore it for now. # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT # to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to # conform with Great Britain. # # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule GB-Eire 1847 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 GMT # 1916 to 1925--irregular Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST # Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above. Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT # So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular. Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1950 through start of 1953, regular. Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT # 1954 to 1980, starting rules Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST # 1953 to 1980, ending rules Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT # 1981 on Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT Rule GB-Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 GMT # Also see EC, which (starting 1996) differs only in LETTER/S. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EC GMT/BST Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EC GMT/BST Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EC GMT/BST d120 1 a120 1 # EC rules are for the European Community. d122 5 a126 44 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule EC 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - Rule EC 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EC 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EC 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - Rule EC 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EC 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EC 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - # Also see GB-Eire, which (starting 1996) differs only in LETTER/S. # W-Eur differs from EC only in that W-Eur uses standard time. Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - # Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EC only in that M-Eur uses standard time. Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman. Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Oct 5 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - d128 17 a144 28 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. # From Andrew A. Chernov (November 12, 1993): # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D # These are for backward compatibility with older versions. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone WET 0:00 EC WET%s Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s Zone EET 2:00 EC EET%s Zone W-SU 3:00 M-Eur ???? a149 1153 # Albania # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00 1:00 W-Eur MET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Andorra # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1:00 EC MET%s # Austria # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 - Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981 1:00 EC MET%s # Belarus # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): A guess at recent dates: 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MS%s # Belgium # Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S # From Whitman: Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman. Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks. Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 1:00 EC MET%s # Bosnia and Herzegovina # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EC MET%s # Bulgaria # Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14; # the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Croatia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EC MET%s # Czech Republic # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979 1:00 EC MET%s # Denmark # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. # # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980 1:00 EC MET%s Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 0:00 - WET 1981 0:00 EC WET%s Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -4:00 - AST # Estonia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. # # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul 1:39 - LST 1921 May 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Finland # # From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, # and it's supposed to change at 4am... # # From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994): # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. # Go with Strang instead. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 - Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 2:00 EC EET%s # France # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. # From Shanks (1991): # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST" # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - # From Paul Eggert =1 2:00s 0 - Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980 1:00 EC MET%s # Gibraltar # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1:00 - MET 1982 1:00 EC MET%s # Greece # They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846. # Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28. # The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Greece 1916 only - July 28 0:01 0 - # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981; # go with EC intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 2:00 EC EET%s # Hungary # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 - Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1:00 EC MET%s # Iceland # # From Adam David (November 6, 1993): # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. # # (December 5, 1993): # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of # Iceland Almanak. # # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. # # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. # # (December 10, 1993): # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it # might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced # in Iceland until 1700. # # From Paul Eggert (December 9, 1993): # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Iceland 1908 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 0:00 - GMT # Italy # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Italy 1893 only - Nov 1 0:00s 0 S # Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman. Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 0:00s 1:00 " DST" # Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman. Rule Italy 1920 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 17 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980 1:00 EC MET%s Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino # Latvia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Liechtenstein # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1:00 - MET 1981 1:00 EC MET%s # Lithuania # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Luxembourg # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 - Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1979 1:00 EC MET%s # Macedonia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EC MET%s # Malta # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981 1:00 EC MET%s # Moldova # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Monaco # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:09:05 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France MET%s 1977 1:00 EC MET%s # Netherlands # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977 1:00 EC MET%s # Norway # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980 1:00 EC MET%s # Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo. # # From Whitman: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT # Poland # Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar # on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1:00 W-Eur MET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Portugal # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 - Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EC WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (November 12, 1992): # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1:00 EC MET%s # We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores, # so we'll just use Shanks for now. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EC WET%s # Slovakia Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava # Romania # Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on # on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Romania 1931 only - Jul 24 0:00 0 - Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. # Russia # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): # Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991, # are from Andrew A. Chernov . # I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) # guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little. # The rest is from Shanks. # # From Shanks (1991): # Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar # on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18. # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted # a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MS%s Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 4:00 Russia KS%s Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 6:00 Russia OS%s # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (June 29, 1994): # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! # I do not know why they have decided to make this change; # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow. Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 6:00 Russia NS%s Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:52 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - TSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia TS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 TSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - TSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia TS%s Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 8:00 Russia IS%s Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YS%s Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 10:00 Russia VS%s # MSK is taken; settle for GSK. Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 10:00 - GSK 1957 Mar 11:00 Russia GS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 1:00 GSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 10:00 - GSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia GS%s # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia PS%s Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 13:00 Russia AS%s # Serbia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EC MET%s # Slovenia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EC MET%s # Spain # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979 1:00 EC MET%s Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 0:00 EC WET%s # Sweden # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 1:00 - MET 1980 1:00 EC MET%s # Switzerland # From Howse (1988), p 82: # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 - # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - # From Shanks (1991): Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981 1:00 EC MET%s # Turkey # European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908. # Asian Turkey switched in 1914. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. # Ukraine # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s # From Paul Eggert (May 28, 1994): # Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections. # For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27. 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 3:00 Russia MS%s d168 1 a168 1 # d175 3 a177 3 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep d179 1 a179 1 # d181 2 a182 2 # Soviet Union (as far as I know). # d191 1 a191 1 # d195 1 a195 1 # d203 1 a203 1 # d212 1 a212 1 # a224 18 # ... # Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST # From: Peter Ilieve # ... # Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC # of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and # 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will # change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March # and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK # and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October. # It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994, # but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't # arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath. # # The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't # seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start # dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981. @ 1.1.1.3 log @updated to tzdata95d @ text @d717 1 a717 1 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST d720 2 a721 1 # See EC for rules starting in 1996. d763 1 d827 1 d1792 1 a1792 1 # Yugoslavia (what's left of it -- mostly Serbia) @ 1.1.1.4 log @updated to tzdata95i @ text @d1138 1 a1138 4 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. d1140 2 a1141 2 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time d1469 1 a1469 1 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. d1472 1 a1472 1 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time a1477 2 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. d1666 3 d1789 9 a1797 2 # Slovakia Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava a1839 1 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - a1981 10 # Yugoslavia # They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - MET 1983 1:00 EC MET%s @ 1.1.1.5 log @import tzdata96a @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.31 d7 1 a7 1 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): d35 11 a45 11 # 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)* # 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)* # 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)* # 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00) # 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk (was 6:00)* # 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)* # 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)* # 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)* # 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)* # 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)* # 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)* d57 1 a57 1 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, d68 3 a70 2 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. d606 2 a607 2 # The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule # of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. d898 1 d900 2 a901 2 2:00 M-Eur EET%s # This may change to `EC' soon. d1131 5 d1431 1 a1431 1 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 d1770 1 d1772 5 a1776 5 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MS%s @ 1.1.1.6 log @import tzdata96d @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.32 d1647 1 a1647 6 1:00 EC MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 0:00 - "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u 0:00 EC WET%s @ 1.1.1.7 log @import tzdata96e @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.33 d1651 1 a1651 1 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u @ 1.1.1.8 log @import tzdata96h @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.37 d39 1 a39 1 # 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00) a602 5 # # From Peter Ilieve (1996-04-20): # Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced # by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just # before Easter). d645 1 d719 1 a719 1 # See EU for rules starting in 1996. d726 1 a726 1 0:00 EU GMT/BST d733 1 a733 1 0:00 EU GMT/BST d745 1 a745 1 0:00 EU GMT/BST d751 1 a751 2 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, # Common Market, etc. d754 7 a760 6 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST" Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - d762 2 a763 1 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. d772 2 a773 1 # From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time. d779 5 a783 1 # Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks. d798 1 d821 1 a821 1 Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s d823 1 a823 1 Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s d862 1 a862 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d869 1 a869 1 1:00 EU MET%s d873 1 d888 1 a888 1 1:00 EU MET%s d899 1 a899 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d947 1 a947 1 1:00 EU MET%s d957 1 a957 1 1:00 EU MET%s d976 1 a976 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d986 1 a986 1 1:00 EU MET%s d990 1 d1003 1 a1003 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1028 1 a1028 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1031 1 a1031 1 0:00 EU WET%s d1060 1 a1060 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1073 1 d1080 1 a1080 1 2:00 EU EET%s d1086 1 d1142 1 a1142 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1162 1 a1162 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1169 1 a1169 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1176 1 d1207 2 a1208 2 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 2:00 EU EET%s d1212 1 a1212 2 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST" Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - d1233 1 a1233 1 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 d1237 1 a1237 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1275 1 a1302 23 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri # (see `FP' below), # taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute. # When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: # # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur) # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S # d1304 2 d1307 2 a1308 2 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1310 1 a1310 1 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST" d1312 5 a1316 5 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST" Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - d1318 1 a1318 1 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - d1346 1 a1346 1 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul d1348 1 a1348 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1367 1 a1367 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1373 1 a1373 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1389 1 a1389 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1394 1 d1425 1 a1425 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1435 1 a1435 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1452 1 a1452 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1462 1 a1462 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1471 1 a1471 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1477 1 d1509 1 a1509 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1513 1 d1531 1 a1531 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1572 1 a1572 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1576 1 d1643 1 a1643 1 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s d1647 1 a1647 1 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u d1652 1 a1652 1 0:00 EU WET%s d1667 1 a1667 1 0:00 EU WET%s d1673 1 d1686 1 a1686 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1733 1 d1742 6 a1747 6 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRS%s d1799 1 a1799 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1803 1 d1845 1 a1845 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1850 1 a1850 1 0:00 EU WET%s d1859 1 a1859 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1867 1 d1878 1 a1878 1 1:00 EU MET%s d1884 1 d1944 1 a1944 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1962 1 a1962 1 # This may change to `EU' soon. d1984 1 a1984 1 1:00 EU MET%s @ 1.1.1.9 log @import tzdata96k @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.39 d7 1 a7 1 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): d19 1 a19 1 # Corrections are welcome! d22 1 d24 5 a28 2 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* d30 16 a45 4 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe d47 1 a47 1 # See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions. d53 3 a76 1 a79 1 # The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14. a127 15 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), # a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. a187 6 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." a420 16 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-05-29): # I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968. # It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless # an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent. # No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is... # # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27, # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto, # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying # summer time in 1968.... d620 1 a620 1 # From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): a639 3 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). d641 2 a642 2 # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful; # we'll ignore them for now. a645 2 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. # a648 8 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". d684 1 a684 1 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST d686 1 a686 1 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST d689 1 a689 1 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST d695 1 a695 1 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST a712 1 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST d716 2 a717 1 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT d727 2 a728 2 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u d733 3 a735 3 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u d740 3 a742 4 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 d744 1 a744 1 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 d746 4 a749 4 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 0:00 EU GMT/IST d759 1 a759 1 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S d763 1 a763 1 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S d767 1 a767 1 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S d771 1 a771 1 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S d774 7 a780 7 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S d782 4 a785 4 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S d787 17 a803 17 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S d807 7 a813 7 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S d818 5 a822 30 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): # The official German names ... are # # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 # # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution # # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" # Postfach 3345 # D-38023 Braunschweig # phone: +49 531 592-0 # # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as # # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 d824 1 d828 1 a828 1 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S d830 1 a830 1 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S d832 1 a832 1 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S d834 1 a834 1 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S d836 1 a836 1 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S d838 1 a838 1 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S d840 1 a840 1 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S d842 1 a842 1 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S d844 1 a844 1 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S d846 1 a846 1 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S d848 1 a848 1 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S d850 1 a850 1 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S d852 1 a852 1 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S d856 4 a859 3 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT d865 2 a866 2 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1:00 EU CE%sT d870 1 a870 1 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S d872 1 a872 1 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S d874 1 a874 1 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S d876 2 a877 2 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S d880 5 a884 5 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT d889 2 a890 2 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow Time d892 4 a895 3 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d901 1 a901 1 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S d904 1 a904 1 Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S d907 1 a907 1 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S d910 7 a916 7 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S d918 7 a924 7 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S d926 1 a926 1 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S d928 2 a929 2 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S d931 1 a931 1 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S d933 1 a933 1 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S d937 1 a937 1 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT d939 5 a943 5 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT d946 1 d949 5 a953 5 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT d956 2 d959 1 a959 1 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S d961 1 a961 1 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S d966 1 a966 1 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? d968 1 a968 1 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 d970 3 a972 2 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d975 1 d978 5 a982 5 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT a984 1 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17. d986 1 a986 1 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S d988 1 a988 1 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S d990 3 a992 3 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S d995 4 a998 4 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 1:00 EU CE%sT a1000 1 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. d1002 1 a1002 1 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S d1004 2 a1005 2 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S d1007 1 a1007 1 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S d1009 1 a1009 1 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S d1011 1 a1011 1 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S d1019 5 a1023 5 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT d1026 1 a1026 1 0:00 EU WE%sT d1028 3 a1030 3 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 -1:00 C-Eur EG%sT d1033 1 a1033 1 -3:00 C-Eur WG%sT d1038 2 d1046 3 a1048 3 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May d1050 6 a1055 5 3:00 - MOST 1941 Sep 15 # Moscow Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT a1057 1 # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. d1068 1 a1068 1 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S d1072 3 a1074 3 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 2:00 EU EE%sT a1076 3 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20. # French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31. # d1080 1 a1080 1 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S d1082 4 a1085 4 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S d1087 1 a1087 1 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S d1089 1 a1089 1 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S d1091 17 a1107 17 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S d1109 1 a1109 1 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S d1112 9 a1120 9 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS d1122 1 a1122 1 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S d1131 5 a1135 5 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT a1137 1 d1139 3 a1141 3 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S d1143 1 a1143 1 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S d1146 5 a1150 5 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S d1153 3 a1155 3 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT d1161 2 a1162 2 1:00 - CET 1982 1:00 EU CE%sT d1165 3 d1170 1 a1170 1 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S d1173 1 a1173 1 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S d1176 1 a1176 1 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S d1179 1 a1179 1 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S d1181 1 a1181 1 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S d1183 1 a1183 1 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S d1185 1 a1185 1 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S d1188 1 a1188 1 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S d1190 1 a1190 1 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S d1194 5 a1198 5 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; d1200 1 a1200 1 2:00 EU EE%sT a1202 1 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01. d1204 1 a1204 1 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S d1206 1 a1206 1 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S d1208 1 a1208 1 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S d1210 1 a1210 1 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S d1212 1 a1212 1 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S d1214 2 a1215 2 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S d1217 1 a1217 1 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S d1219 1 a1219 1 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S d1221 1 a1221 1 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S d1223 1 a1223 1 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S d1226 5 a1230 5 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1:00 EU CE%sT d1259 2 a1260 1 # might mean something else (???). d1268 11 a1278 11 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - d1280 2 a1281 2 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - d1283 1 a1283 1 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S d1285 3 a1287 3 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - d1290 2 a1291 2 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s a1294 2 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. # d1297 2 a1298 2 # (1996-03-14) (`FP' # below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication. d1301 1 a1301 1 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: d1312 1 a1312 1 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) d1319 1 a1319 1 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S d1321 1 a1321 1 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S d1323 1 a1323 1 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S d1325 2 a1326 2 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S d1328 1 a1328 1 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S d1330 1 a1330 1 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S d1332 1 a1332 1 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S d1334 1 a1334 1 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S d1336 1 a1336 1 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S d1338 1 a1338 1 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S d1340 2 a1341 2 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S d1343 1 a1343 1 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S d1346 1 a1346 1 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S d1348 2 a1349 2 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S d1351 2 a1352 2 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S d1357 5 a1361 5 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT d1367 1 d1370 4 a1373 5 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 d1375 6 a1380 5 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jul # Moscow Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1385 2 a1386 2 1:00 - CET 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT d1389 1 d1392 3 a1394 3 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 d1396 7 a1402 6 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jun 24 # Moscow Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1407 1 a1407 1 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S d1409 1 a1409 1 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S d1411 1 a1411 1 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S d1413 1 a1413 1 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S d1415 1 a1415 1 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S d1417 1 a1417 1 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S d1419 1 a1419 1 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S d1421 1 a1421 1 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S d1423 1 a1423 1 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S d1425 5 a1429 5 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S d1432 6 a1437 6 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT d1440 1 d1443 5 a1447 5 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT d1451 1 a1451 1 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S d1453 1 a1453 1 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S d1455 1 a1455 1 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S d1457 1 a1457 1 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S d1460 5 a1464 5 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT d1467 1 d1471 4 a1474 3 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Moscow Time 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1481 3 a1483 3 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT d1490 2 a1491 2 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time d1499 1 a1499 1 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT a1508 2 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - d1510 2 a1511 2 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S d1517 4 a1520 4 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT a1522 1 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. d1525 1 a1525 1 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S d1528 1 a1528 1 Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S d1531 1 a1531 1 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S d1533 1 a1533 1 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S d1535 1 a1535 1 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S d1538 5 a1542 7 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT # # Svalbard Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen a1543 1 # Jan Mayen d1549 2 d1553 1 a1553 1 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S d1557 1 a1557 1 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S d1559 1 a1559 1 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S d1561 1 a1561 1 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S d1563 1 a1563 1 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S d1565 1 a1565 1 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S d1567 2 a1568 2 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S d1570 2 a1571 2 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S d1575 8 a1582 7 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT a1584 1 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. d1586 1 a1586 1 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S d1589 1 a1589 1 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S d1591 5 a1595 5 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S d1597 1 a1597 1 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S d1599 4 a1602 4 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S d1605 1 a1605 1 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S d1607 1 a1607 1 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S d1611 2 a1612 2 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S d1614 3 a1616 3 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S d1619 1 a1619 1 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S d1622 4 a1625 4 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S d1627 4 a1630 4 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S d1632 1 a1632 1 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S d1636 1 a1636 1 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S d1638 1 a1638 1 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S d1640 1 a1640 1 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S d1643 3 a1645 3 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S d1648 5 a1652 4 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s d1656 1 a1656 1 0:00 EU WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s d1660 2 a1661 2 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 0:00 EU WE%sT d1667 4 a1670 3 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT d1673 4 a1676 3 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT d1679 2 d1682 1 a1682 1 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S d1684 2 a1685 2 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S d1687 1 a1687 1 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S d1691 4 a1694 3 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1697 4 a1700 7 # From Shanks (1991): # In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted # a 6 day week; on 1940-06-27 it returned to the Gregorian week. # # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): # Moscow rules after 1991 are from Andrew A. Chernov . # I invented the time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) d1704 5 d1711 2 a1712 2 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow TIme d1714 2 a1715 2 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s d1717 1 a1717 1 3:00 Russia MOS%sT d1719 5 a1723 5 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 3:00 - KUYT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 4:00 Russia KUY%sT d1725 5 a1729 5 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time d1731 5 a1735 5 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 6:00 Russia OMS%sT d1742 7 a1748 7 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk TIme 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 6:00 Russia NOV%sT d1750 5 a1754 5 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRA%sT d1756 6 a1761 6 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 8:00 Russia IRK%sT d1763 5 a1767 5 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YAK%sT d1769 6 a1774 6 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 10:00 Russia VLA%sT d1776 5 a1780 5 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MAG%sT d1783 5 a1787 5 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia PET%sT d1789 5 a1793 5 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 13:00 Russia ANA%sT d1799 1 d1802 5 a1806 5 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT a1808 1 # Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. d1811 1 a1811 1 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S d1813 2 a1814 2 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S d1816 1 a1816 1 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S d1819 1 a1819 1 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S d1822 3 a1824 3 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S d1826 1 a1826 1 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S d1828 3 a1830 3 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S d1832 6 a1837 6 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S d1839 1 a1839 1 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S d1841 1 a1841 1 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S d1843 1 a1843 1 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S d1845 1 a1845 1 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S a1846 10 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - d1849 3 a1851 11 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 1:00 EU CE%sT Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 0:00 - WET 1924 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 1:00 - CET 1986 1:00 EU CE%sT d1853 1 a1853 1 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time d1855 2 a1856 2 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT a1858 22 # From: msb@@sq.com (Mark Brader) : # # In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden # decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of # those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap # year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar # different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years. # # However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through; # they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712 # they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that # year!... # # Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner, # getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule. # # (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers # produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia" # by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och # kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).) d1861 5 a1865 5 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 1:00 - CET 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT d1874 1 a1874 1 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S d1877 1 a1877 1 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S d1881 3 a1883 3 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT d1886 2 d1889 1 a1889 1 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S d1891 1 a1891 1 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S d1893 1 a1893 1 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S d1895 1 a1895 1 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S d1898 1 a1898 1 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S d1900 1 a1900 1 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S d1902 1 a1902 1 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S d1904 1 a1904 1 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S d1906 1 a1906 1 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S d1909 1 a1909 1 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S d1911 1 a1911 1 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S d1913 1 a1913 1 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S d1915 3 a1917 3 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S d1919 1 a1919 1 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S d1921 1 a1921 1 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S d1923 1 a1923 1 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S d1925 1 a1925 1 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S d1927 1 a1927 1 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S d1929 1 a1929 1 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S d1931 2 a1932 2 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S d1934 1 a1934 1 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S d1936 2 a1937 2 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S d1939 1 a1939 1 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S d1943 6 a1948 5 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1953 6 a1958 22 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean TIme Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT d1961 2 a1962 1 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2 d1964 3 a1966 2 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1990 Jul 17 # Moscow Time 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT d1968 2 a1969 1 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2 d1971 2 a1972 2 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s d1977 2 a1978 2 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 3:00 Russia MOS%sT d1981 1 d1984 5 a1988 5 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1983 1:00 EU CE%sT @ 1.1.1.10 log @import tzdata96m @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.41 d7 1 a7 1 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): d11 1 a11 9 # # Gwillim Law writes that a good source # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries # of the IATA's data after 1990. # # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990, # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. a29 1 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow d37 1 a37 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), d64 1 a64 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): d85 1 a85 1 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): d126 1 a126 1 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): d137 1 a137 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1993-09-03): d164 1 a164 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-18): d192 1 a192 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1993-09-03): d216 1 a216 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-22): d249 1 a249 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-28): d272 1 a272 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1993-10-29): d441 1 a441 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1993-11-18) d606 1 a606 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-08-18): d629 1 a629 1 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-03-28): a828 8 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - d839 1 a839 1 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1993-11-12): d846 2 a847 7 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - d916 1 a916 2 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1991 1:00 EU CE%sT d947 1 a947 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct d949 1 a949 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d951 1 a951 3 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00 2:00 Russia EE%sT d1024 1 a1024 2 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT d1080 1 a1080 15 # # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S # # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit d1083 2 a1084 2 -1:00 EU EG%sT Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk d1086 3 a1088 3 -3:00 EU WG%sT Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik -4:00 Thule A%sT a1094 10 # # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to # summer time next spring.'' d1101 1 a1101 1 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 d1103 1 a1103 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s d1287 1 a1287 1 # From Adam David (1993-11-06): d1290 1 a1290 1 # (1993-12-05): d1304 1 a1304 1 # (1993-12-10): d1314 1 a1314 1 # From Paul Eggert (1993-12-09): a1420 8 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks. They contradict # IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but # Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year, # so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Latvia 1992 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Latvia 1992 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - d1429 1 a1429 1 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul d1431 1 a1431 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d1433 1 a1433 1 2:00 Latvia EE%sT d1449 1 a1449 1 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 d1451 1 a1451 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s a1453 3 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. d1520 1 a1520 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d1522 1 a1522 1 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT a1633 4 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ # # (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. # Stick with W-Eur for now. a1636 17 # # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. # # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. # # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. # d1704 7 a1710 1 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s d1713 3 d1720 1 a1720 3 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u -1:00 EU AZO%sT a1735 2 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - d1740 1 a1740 3 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT d1747 7 a1753 27 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations, # and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991. # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA. # # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. # # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. # # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2:00 Poland CET 1946 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994 # IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change. 2:00 Russia EE%sT d1756 1 a1756 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct d1758 1 a1758 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d1761 2 a1762 2 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 d1766 2 a1767 2 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time 4:00 Russia SAM%sT d1780 1 a1780 1 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): a1918 2 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. d2029 1 a2029 2 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 EU EE%sT a2055 2 Rule Crimea 1996 max - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 - Rule Crimea 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 - d2060 2 a2061 3 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996 2:00 EU EE%sT d2065 1 a2065 1 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s d2067 6 a2072 8 # From Paul Eggert (1996-10-21): # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. # For now, guess it changed Feb 1. 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb # From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD d2151 1 a2151 1 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): @ 1.1.1.11 log @import tzdata97d @ text @d1 1 a1 1 # @@(#)europe 7.42 d81 1 a81 1 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude d89 1 a89 1 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should d170 1 a170 1 # an Order in Council (a Statutory Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) d330 1 a330 1 # [SR&O == Statutory Regulation and Order] d406 1 a406 1 # - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutory Instrument] d1301 1 a1301 1 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. d1822 3 a1824 9 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02): # On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar'' # with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week. # On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the # Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it # reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days # off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month. # (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_) d1885 1 a1885 1 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time d2137 1 a2137 1 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time @