LD.ELF_SO(1) | General Commands Manual | LD.ELF_SO(1)

# NAME

`ld.elf_so` —
run-time link-editor (linker)

# DESCRIPTION

`ld.elf_so` is a self-contained, position independent program image providing run-time support for loading and link-editing shared objects into a process' address space. It uses information stored in data structures within the binary (see elf(5)) and environment variables to determine which shared objects are needed. These shared objects are loaded at a convenient virtual address using the mmap(2) system call. After all shared objects have been successfully loaded, `ld.elf_so` proceeds to resolve external references from both the main program and all objects loaded. Once all required references are resolved control is passed to the program via its entry point.

## Startup

On the execution of a dynamically linked binary the kernel will load the program and its run-time linker as specified in the PT_INTERP section in the program header. At this point, instead of passing control directly to the program, the kernel passes control to the specified linker. An auxiliary vector of information is passed that includes the address of the program header, the size of each entry in the header, and the number of entries. The entry point of the program and the base address of where `ld.elf_so` is loaded is also supplied.

## Finding objects

Each elf(5) object file may contain information in its dynamic (PT_DYNAMIC) section about which shared objects it requires (often referred to as dependencies). These dependencies are specified in the optional `DT_NEEDED` entry within the dynamic section. Each `DT_NEEDED` entry refers to a filename string of the shared object that is to be searched for.

The linker will search for libraries in three lists of paths:

1. A user defined list of paths as specified in LD_LIBRARY_PATH and ld.so.conf(5).

   The use of ld.so.conf should be avoided as the setting of a global search path can present a security risk.

2. A list of paths specified within a shared object using the `DT_RPATH` and `DT_RUNPATH` entries in the dynamic section. This is defined at shared object link time.
3. The list of default paths which is set to /usr/lib.

Dynamic loading via dlopen(3) uses the `DT_RPATH` and `DT_RUNPATH` entries of the main binary, independently of which object the call came from.

`ld.elf_so` will expand the following variables if present in the paths:

$HWCAP
  Processor hardware capabilities, for example FPU, MMX, SSE. Currently unimplemented.
$ISALIST
  List of instructions sets this processor can execute. Currently unimplemented.
$ORIGIN
  The directory of the main object.
$OSNAME
  The value of the `kern.ostype` sysctl(3).
$OSREL
  The value of the `kern.osrelease` sysctl(3).
$PLATFORM
  The value of the `hw.machine_arch` sysctl(3).

Both `${VARIABLE}` and `$VARIABLE` are recognized.

The filename string can be considered free form, however, it will almost always take the form lib<name>.so.<number>, where name specifies the ‘library’ name and number is conceptually the library's major version number.

This name and another of the form lib<name>.so are normally symbolic links to the real shared object which has a filename of the form lib<name>.so.<major>.<minor>[.<teeny>]. This naming convention allows a versioning scheme similar to a.out(5).

## Relocation

`ld.elf_so` will perform all necessary relocations immediately except for relocations relating to the Procedure Linkage Table (PLT). The PLT is used as an indirection method for procedure calls to globally defined functions. It allows, through the use of intermediate code, the delayed binding of a call to a globally defined function to be performed at procedure call time. This ‘lazy’ method is the default (see LD_BIND_NOW).

## Initialization

A mechanism is provided for initialization and termination routines to be called, on a per-object basis before execution of the program proper begins or after the program has completed. This gives a shared object an opportunity to perform any extra set-up or completion work.

The `DT_INIT` and `DT_FINI` entries in the dynamic section specify the addresses of the initialization and termination functions, respectively, for the shared object. `ld.elf_so` arranges for each initialization function to be called before control is passed to the program and for the termination functions to be called by using atexit(3).

This mechanism is exploited by the system-supplied constructor initialization and destructor code located in /usr/lib/crtbeginS.o and /usr/lib/crtendS.o. These files are automatically included by cc(1) and c++(1) in the list of object-code files passed to ld(1) when building a shared C or C++ object.

# ENVIRONMENT

If the following environment variables exist they will be used by `ld.elf_so`.

`LD_LIBRARY_PATH`
  A colon separated list of directories, overriding the default search path for shared libraries.
`LD_PRELOAD`
  A colon or space separated list of shared object filenames to be loaded after the main program but before its shared object dependencies. Space is allowed as a separator for backwards compatibility only. Support may be removed in a future release and should not be relied upon.
`LD_BIND_NOW`
  If defined immediate binding of Procedure Link Table (PLT) entries is performed instead of the default lazy method.
`LD_DEBUG`
  If defined a variety of debug information will be written to the standard error of an dynamically linked executed when it is run. This variable is only recognized if `ld.elf_so` was compiled with debugging support (-DDEBUG).

# FILES

/etc/ld.so.conf
  library location hints supplied by the system administrator.

# SEE ALSO

ld(1), ld.aout_so(1), dlfcn(3), elf(5)

# HISTORY

The ELF shared library model employed first appeared in Sys V R4.

The path expansion variables first appeared in Solaris 10, and in NetBSD 5.0.

# SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

The environment variables `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `LD_PRELOAD` are not honored when executing in a set-user-ID or set-group-ID environment. This action is taken to prevent malicious substitution of shared object dependencies or interposition of symbols.

April 15, 2019 | NetBSD 10.1