# `msvcrt` — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

These functions provide access to some useful capabilities on Windows platforms. Some higher-level modules use these functions to build the Windows implementations of their services. For example, the `getpass` module uses this in the implementation of the `getpass()` function.

Further documentation on these functions can be found in the Platform API documentation.

The module implements both the normal and wide char variants of the console I/O api. The normal API deals only with ASCII characters and is of limited use for internationalized applications. The wide char API should be used where ever possible.

Changed in version 3.3: Operations in this module now raise `OSError` where `IOError` was raised.

## File Operations

msvcrt.locking(fd, mode, nbytes)

  Lock part of a file based on file descriptor fd from the C runtime. Raises `OSError` on failure. The locked region of the file extends from the current file position for nbytes bytes, and may continue beyond the end of the file. mode must be one of the `LK_*` constants listed below. Multiple regions in a file may be locked at the same time, but may not overlap. Adjacent regions are not merged; they must be unlocked individually.

  Raises an auditing event `msvcrt.locking` with arguments `fd`, `mode`, `nbytes`.

msvcrt.LK_LOCK
msvcrt.LK_RLCK

  Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, the program immediately tries again after 1 second. If, after 10 attempts, the bytes cannot be locked, `OSError` is raised.

msvcrt.LK_NBLCK
msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK

  Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, `OSError` is raised.

msvcrt.LK_UNLCK

  Unlocks the specified bytes, which must have been previously locked.

msvcrt.setmode(fd, flags)

  Set the line-end translation mode for the file descriptor fd. To set it to text mode, flags should be `os.O_TEXT`; for binary, it should be `os.O_BINARY`.

msvcrt.open_osfhandle(handle, flags)

  Create a C runtime file descriptor from the file handle handle. The flags parameter should be a bitwise OR of `os.O_APPEND`, `os.O_RDONLY`, and `os.O_TEXT`. The returned file descriptor may be used as a parameter to `os.fdopen()` to create a file object.

  Raises an auditing event `msvcrt.open_osfhandle` with arguments `handle`, `flags`.

msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fd)

  Return the file handle for the file descriptor fd. Raises `OSError` if fd is not recognized.

  Raises an auditing event `msvcrt.get_osfhandle` with argument `fd`.

## Console I/O

msvcrt.kbhit()

  Return `True` if a keypress is waiting to be read.

msvcrt.getch()

  Read a keypress and return the resulting character as a byte string. Nothing is echoed to the console. This call will block if a keypress is not already available, but will not wait for `Enter` to be pressed. If the pressed key was a special function key, this will return `'\000'` or `'\xe0'`; the next call will return the keycode. The `Control`-`C` keypress cannot be read with this function.

msvcrt.getwch()

  Wide char variant of `getch()`, returning a Unicode value.

msvcrt.getche()

  Similar to `getch()`, but the keypress will be echoed if it represents a printable character.

msvcrt.getwche()

  Wide char variant of `getche()`, returning a Unicode value.

msvcrt.putch(char)

  Print the byte string char to the console without buffering.

msvcrt.putwch(unicode_char)

  Wide char variant of `putch()`, accepting a Unicode value.

msvcrt.ungetch(char)

  Cause the byte string char to be “pushed back” into the console buffer; it will be the next character read by `getch()` or `getche()`.

msvcrt.ungetwch(unicode_char)

  Wide char variant of `ungetch()`, accepting a Unicode value.

## Other Functions

msvcrt.heapmin()

  Force the `malloc()` heap to clean itself up and return unused blocks to the operating system. On failure, this raises `OSError`.

msvcrt.CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION

  The CRT Assembly version, from the `crtassem.h` header file.

msvcrt.VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN

  The VC Assembly public key token, from the `crtassem.h` header file.

msvcrt.LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX

  The Libraries Assembly name prefix, from the `crtassem.h` header file.